Developing and Using Models to Make Sense of Science

Scientific models are essential tools for understanding, predicting, and explaining phenomena in science and engineering. They range from simple diagrams to complex simulations, representing the structure, behavior, and function of objects, processes, or events. Models allow scientists and engineers to visualize concepts, refine designs, and test solutions. In education, models play a critical role in fostering scientific habits of mind, inquiry, and reasoning, as outlined in the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). Students are encouraged to use and develop models to illustrate, predict, and explain phenomena, advancing their understanding through iterative cycles of creation, evaluation, and revision.

The NGSS emphasize modeling across K–12 education, with expectations progressing by grade level. Younger students (K–2) use concrete models like diagrams and replicas, while older students (3–5) begin building and revising models. Middle school students (6–8) focus on describing, testing, and predicting abstract phenomena, and high school students (9–12) synthesize and develop models to explore relationships between systems and components. Teachers are encouraged to integrate modeling into instruction, overcoming challenges such as time constraints or curriculum limitations. Effective modeling promotes deeper learning, critical thinking, and collaboration, while connecting science concepts to real-world applications.

Parents and caregivers also play a vital role in supporting science learning through everyday activities involving models, such as cooking or planning trips. Incorporating models into education enhances students' understanding of science and engineering, cultivates social skills, and prepares them to think critically about the world.