How and Why Do Animal Viruses Jump

Spillover events, just like the Black Death in the 14th century, continue today. Watch this engaging short video to learn more about this phenomenon, which has more recently brought us AIDS, and COVID-19. Spillover events are happening much more frequently in the 2000s, and the concept of One Health can help us understand why. Moreover, did you know about spillback? Kelly Cowan explains this in her trademark accessible style in this video.

1. Approximately how much longer have bacteria been on Earth than humans?
   1. 1.1 trillion years
   2. 4.3 billion years
   3. 1.1 million years
   4. 10 billion years
2. Do all zoonotic diseases have the capacity to cause human pandemics?
   1. no
   2. yes
   3. sometimes
3. The COVID-19 pandemic was caused by
   1. human practices
   2. climate change
   3. viral mixing in bats
   4. all the above