U.S. Eases Venezuela Oil Sanctions | November 2023
November 2023 | Volume 15, Issue 4
Watch the full video and find the accompanying article from Reuters.
According to the article, the Biden administration recently eased sanctions on Venezuela's oil sector in response to a deal reached between the government and opposition parties for the 2024 election - the most extensive rollback of Trump-era restrictions on Caracas.
A New General License
A new general license issued by the U.S. Treasury Department authorized OPEC member Venezuela, which had been under crushing sanctions since 2019, to produce and export oil to its chosen markets for the next six months without limitation.
U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken welcomed President Nicolas Maduro's electoral concessions but said Washington has given him until the end of November to begin lifting bans on opposition presidential candidates and start releasing political prisoners and "wrongfully detained" Americans.
A senior State Department official, speaking to the media on condition of anonymity, threatened to reverse sanctions relief measures unless Maduro takes such action.
The U.S. moves follow months of negotiations in which Washington had pressed Caracas for concrete actions toward democratic elections in return for lifting some - but not all - of the tough sanctions imposed under former U.S. President Donald Trump.
It also represents a significant step in the increased engagement of President Joe Biden's administration with Maduro on issues ranging from energy to migration, a shift from Trump's “maximum pressure” campaign against the socialist government.
Venezuela’s Response
Venezuela ruling party official Jorge Rodriguez, who leads the government's negotiating team at talks with the opposition, recently said on state television that the sanctions relief affected all oil activities.
"The possibility of any person or company coming to Venezuela to invest is totally open," he said.
Maduro's government and the opposition reached an agreement in Barbados on Tuesday on electoral guarantees for an internationally monitored vote to be held in the second half of 2024. But the deal stopped short of Maduro agreeing to reinstate opposition candidates who had been barred from public office.
The Biden Administration’s Statement
Blinken said in a statement that the U.S. was acting "consistent with our longstanding commitment to provide U.S. sanctions relief in response to concrete steps toward competitive elections and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms."
The announcements alleviated some of the toughest sanctions that Venezuela has faced but it left in place several other restrictions.
Even so, the U.S. measures could reopen Venezuela's doors to dozens of oil companies with frozen or reduced operations in Venezuela.
The U.S. imposed harsh sanctions on Venezuela to punish Maduro's government following his 2018 re-election, which the U.S. and other Western governments rejected as a sham. Since 2019, U.S. sanctions have banned state-run oil company PDVSA from exporting to its chosen markets.
Troubled Venezuelan Oil Sector
The changes include the issuance of a six-month general license allowing the production, sale and export of Venezuela's crude and gas, without limitations on customers or destinations, and another general license authorizing dealings with Minerven – the Venezuelan state-owned gold mining company.
The U.S. Treasury Department said in a statement, however, that it was prepared to revoke those authorizations at any time if representatives of Maduro fail to follow through on their commitments in the deal with the opposition.
Treasury also removed the secondary trading ban on certain Venezuelan sovereign bonds and state-run oil company PDVSA debt and equity, though a ban on trading in the primary Venezuelan bond market remains in place, it said.
The U.S. has been seeking ways to boost global flows of oil to alleviate high prices caused by sanctions on Russia and OPEC+ decisions to reduce output.
But the chances Venezuela's exports could offset those cuts are slim absent a big increase in investment in the country's crippled oil sector, oil industry experts said.
Two decades of mismanagement and insufficient investment, coupled with U.S. oil sanctions since 2019, are expected to stymie state-run PDVSA's ability to make a quick comeback to cash-paying oil markets and offer its crude at fair prices.
Talks between the government and the opposition, meant to provide a way out of Venezuela's long-running political and economic crisis, were held on Tuesday for the first time in nearly a year. They agreed to further meetings on an unspecified date.
The deal they announced said each side can choose its 2024 candidate according to its internal rules but did not reverse bans on some opposition figures - including Oct. 22 primary frontrunner Maria Corina Machado - that prevent them from holding office.
Opposition sources said they have not given up on trying to get those bans lifted.
Discussion Questions
- Do you favor or oppose the Biden administration’s recent decision to ease oil sanctions on Venezuela? Explain your response.
This is an opinion question, and student responses will likely vary. In your author’s opinion, easing oil sanctions on Venezuela is justified, since a) oil continues to be an essential commodity for the United States, and engaging in trade with Venezuela helps to satisfy this need; and b) Venezuela has apparently complied with U.S. demands for democratic elections. Obviously, this compliance should be based on a “trust but verify” philosophy, with the U.S. continuing to monitor whether Venezuela in fact holds “free and fair” elections. - In your reasoned opinion, should trade sanctions be imposed (or lifted) for purely or predominantly political reasons? Explain your response.
This is an opinion question, and student responses will likely vary. In your author’s opinion, political reasons are ample reasons for imposing (or lifting) trade sanctions. The term “political” means “of or relating to the state, government, the body politic, public administration, policymaking, etc. In your author’s opinion, the desire to have one more country in the Western Hemisphere with democratic elections can be just as viable an interest as the positive economic aspects of free trade. - As indicated in the article, Venezuela ruling party official Jorge Rodriguez has stated that "(t)he possibility of any person or company coming to Venezuela to invest is totally open." Assess this statement. Should international entrepreneurs accept this claim at its face value? Explain your response.
In your author’s opinion, the answer to this question depends on the “trust but verify” approach referenced in response to Video 2, Discussion Question Number 1 of this newsletter. More particularly, if Venezuela is truly committed to free and fair, democratic elections, then yes, the possibility of any person or company coming to Venezuela to invest is truly open, and the prospects of reaping a legitimate and healthy profit from such an investment is promising. If, however, Venezuela is subject to authoritarian rule, the risk of investing in that country is much higher, and the outcome from making such an investment is much more questionable.