1 The Scientific Method

How Scientists Study Nature

1.1 The Scientific Method

1.2 Why Science Is Successful

The Solar System

1.3 A Survey of the Sky

1.4 The Ptolemaic System

1.5 The Copernican System

1.6 Kepler's Laws

1.7 Why Copernicus Was Right

Universal Gravitation

1.8 What Is Gravity?

1.9 Why the Earth Is Round

1.10 The Tides

1.11 The Discovery of Neptune

How Many of What

1.12 The SI System

2 Motion

Describing Motion

2.1 Speed

2.2 Vectors

2.3 Acceleration

2.4 Distance, Time, and Acceleration

Acceleration due to Gravity

2.5 Free Fall

2.6 Air Resistance

Force and Motion

2.7 First law of Motion

2.8 Mass

2.9 Second law of Motion

2.10 Mass and Weight

2.11 Third law of Motion

Gravitation

2.12 Circular Motion

2.13 Newton's Law of Gravity

2.14 Artificial Satellites

3 Energy

Work

3.1 The Meaning of Work

3.2 Power

Energy

3.3 Kinetic Energy

3.4 Potential Energy

3.5 Energy Transformations

3.6 Conservation of Energy

3.7 The Nature of Heat

Momentum

3.8 Linear Momentum

3.9 Rockets

3.10 Angular Momentum

Relativity

3.11 Special Relativity

3.12 Rest Energy

3.13 General Relativity

Energy and Civilization

3.14 The Energy Problem

3.15 The Future

4 Energy and the Future

The Energy Problem

4.1 Population and Prosperity

4.2 Energy Consumption

4.3 Global Warming

4.4 Carbon Dioxide and the Greenhouse Effect

Fossil Fuels

4.5 Liquid Fuels

4.6 Natural Gas

4.7 Coal

Alternative Sources

4.8 A Nuclear World?

4.9 Clean Energy I

4.10 Clean Energy II

4.11 Energy Storage

4.12 Biofuels

Strategies for the Future

4.13 Conservation

4.14 What Governments Must Do

5 Matter and Heat

Temperature and Heat

5.1 Temperature

5.2 Heat

5.3 Metabolic Energy

Fluids

5.4 Density

5.5 Pressure

5.6 Buoyancy

5.7 Gas Laws

Kinetic Theory of Matter

5.8 Kinetic Theory of Gases

5.9 Molecular Motion and Temperature

Changes of State

5.10 Heat Transfer

5.11 Liquids and Solids

5.12 Evaporation and Boiling

5.13 Melting

Energy Transformations

5.14 Heat Engines

5.15 Thermodynamics

5.16 Fate of the Universe

5.17 Entropy

6 Electricity and Magnetism

Electric Charge

6.1 Positive and Negative Charge

6.2 What Is Charge?

6.3 Coulomb's Law

6.4 Force on an Uncharged Object

Electricity and Matter

6.5 Matter in Bulk

6.6 Conductors and Insulators

6.7 Superconductivity

Electric Current

6.8 The Ampere

6.9 Potential Difference

6.10 Ohm's Law

6.11 Electric Power

Magnetism

6.12 Magnets

6.13 Magnetic Field

6.14 Oersted's Experiment

6.15 Electromagnets

Using Magnetism

6.16 Magnetic Force on a Current

6.17 Electric Motors

6.18 Electromagnetic Induction

6.19 Transformers

7 Waves

Wave Motion

7.1 Water Waves

7.2 Transverse and Longitudinal Waves

7.3 Describing Waves

7.4 Standing Waves

Sound Waves

7.5 Sound

7.6 Doppler Effect

7.7 Musical Sounds

Electromagnetic Waves

7.8 Electromagnetic Waves

7.9 Types of EM Waves

7.10 Light "Rays"

Wave Behavior

7.11 Reflection

7.12 Refraction

7.13 Lenses

7.14 The Eye

7.15 Color

7.16 Interference

7.17 Diffraction

8 The Nucleus

Atom and Nucleus

8.1 Rutherford Model of the Atom

8.2 Nuclear Structure

Radioactivity

8.3 Radioactive Decay

8.4 Half-Life

8.5 Radiation Hazards

Nuclear Energy

8.6 Units of Mass and Energy

8.7 Binding Energy

8.8 Binding Energy per Nucleon

Fission and Fusion

8.9 Nuclear Fission

8.10 How a Reactor Works

8.11 Plutonium

8.12 A Nuclear World?

8.13 Nuclear Fusion

Elementary Particles

8.14 Antiparticles

8.15 Fundamental Interactions

8.16 Leptons and Hadrons

9 The Atom

Quantum Theory of Light

9.1 Photoelectric Effect

9.2 Photons

9.3 What Is Light?

9.4 X-Rays

Matter Waves

9.5 De Broglie

9.6 Waves of What?

9.7 Uncertainty Principle

The Hydrogen Atom

9.8 Atomic Spectra

9.9 The Bohr Model

9.10 Electron Waves and Orbitals

9.11 The Laser

Quantum Theory of the Atom

9.12 Quantum Mechanics

9.13 Quantum Numbers

9.14 Exclusion Principle

10 The Periodic Law

Elements and Compounds

10.1 Chemical Change

10.2 Three Classes of Matter

10.3 The Atomic Theory

The Periodic Law

10.4 Metals and Nonmetals

10.5 Chemical Activity

10.6 Families of Elements

10.7 The Periodic Table

10.8 Groups and Periods

Atomic Structure

10.9 Shells and Subshells

10.10 Explaining the Periodic Table

Chemical Bonds

10.11 Types of Bond

10.12 Covalent Bonding

10.13 Ionic Bonding

10.14 Ionic Compounds

10.15 Atoms Groups

10.16 Naming Compounds

10.17 Chemical Equations

11 Crystals, Ions, and Solutions

Solids

11.1 Ionic and Covalent Crystals

11.2 The Metallic Bond

11.3 Molecular Crystals

Solutions

11.4 Solubility

11.5 Polar and Nonpolar Liquids

11.6 Ions in Solution

11.7 Evidence for Dissociation

11.8 Water

11.9 Water Pollution

Acids and Bases

11.10 Acids

11.11 Strong and Weak Acids

11.12 Bases

11.13 The pH Scale

11.14 Salts

12 Chemical Reactions

Quantitative Chemistry

12.1 Phlogiston

12.2 Oxygen

12.3 The Mole

12.4 Formula Units

Chemical Energy

12.5 Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions

12.6 Chemical Energy and Stability

12.7 Activation energy

Fuels

12.8 Liquid Fuels

12.9 Gas Fuels

12.10 Solid Fuels

Reaction Rates

12.11 Temperature

12.12 Other Factors

12.13 Chemical Equilibrium

12.14 Altering an Equilibrium

Oxidation and Reduction

12.15 Electrolysis

12.16 Electrochemical cells

13 Organic Chemistry

Carbon Compounds

13.1 Carbon Bonds

13.2 Alkanes

13.3 Petroleum Products

Structures of Organic Molecules

13.4 Structural Formulas

13.5 Isomers

13.6 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

13.7 Benzene

Organic Compounds

13.8 Hydrocarbon Groups

13.9 Functional Groups

13.10 Polymers

Chemistry of Life

13.11 Carbohydrates

13.12 Photosynthesis

13.13 Lipids

13.14 Proteins

13.15 Soil Nitrogen

13.16 Nucleic Acids

13.17 Origin of Life

14 Atmosphere and Hydrosphere

The Atmosphere

14.1 Regions of the Atmosphere

14.2 Atmospheric Moisture

14.3 Clouds

Weather

14.4 Atmospheric Energy

14.5 The Seasons

14.6 Winds

14.7 General Circulation of the Atmosphere

14.8 Middle-Latitude Weather Systems

Climate

14.9 Tropical Climates

14.10 Middle- and High-Latitude Climates

14.11 Climatic Changes

14.12 Origins of Climatic Change

The Hydrosphere

14.13 Ocean Basins

14.14 Ocean Currents

15 The Rock Cycle

Rocks

15.1 Composition of the Crust

15.2 Minerals

15.3 Igneous Rocks

15.4 Sedimentary Rocks

15.5 Metamorphic Rocks

Within the Earth

15.6 Earthquakes

15.7 Structure of the Earth

15.8 The Earth's Interior

15.9 Geomagnetism

Erosion

15.10 Weathering

15.11 Stream Erosion

15.12 Glaciers

15.13 Groundwater

15.14 Sedimentation

Vulcanism

15.15 Volcanoes

15.16 Intrusive Rocks

15.17 The Rock Cycles

16 The Evolving Earth

Tectonic Movement

16.1 Types of Movement

16.2 Mountain Building

16.3 Continental Drift

Plate Tectonics

16.4 Lithosphere and Asthenosphere

16.5 The Ocean Floors

16.6 Ocean-Floor Spreading

16.7 Plate Tectonics

Methods of Historical Geology

16.8 Principles of Uniform Change

16.9 Rock Formations

16.10 Radiometric Dating

16.11 Fossils

16.12 Geologic Time

Earth History

16.13 Precambrian Time

16.14 The Paleozoic Era

16.15 Coal and Petroleum

16.16 The Mesozoic Era

16.17 The Cenozoic Era

16.18 Human History

17 The Solar System

The Family of the Sun

17.1 The Solar System

17.2 Comets

17.3 Meteors

The Inner Planets

17.4 Mercury

17.5 Venus

17.6 Mars

17.7 Is There Life On Mars?

17.8 Asteroids

The Outer Planets

17.9 Jupiter

17.10 Saturn

17.11 Uranus, Neptune, Pluto

The Moon

17.12 Phases

17.13 Eclipses

17.14 Lunar Surface and Interior

17.15 Evolution of the Lunar Landscape

17.16 Origin of the Moon

18 The Stars

Tools of Astronomy

18.1 The Telescope

18.2 The Spectrometer

18.3 Spectrum Analysis

The Sun

18.4 Properties of the Sun

18.5 The Aurora

18.6 Sunspots

18.7 Solar Energy

The Stars

18.8 Stellar Distances

18.9 Variable Stars

18.10 Stellar Motions

18.11 Stellar Properties

Life Histories of the Stars

18.12 H-R Diagrams

18.13 Stellar Evolution

18.14 Supernovas

18.15 Pulsars

18.16 Black Holes

19 The Universe

Galaxies

19.1 The Milky Way

19.2 Stellar Populations

19.3 Radio Astronomy

19.4 Galaxies

19.5 Cosmic Rays

The Expanding Universe

19.6 Red Shifts

19.7 Quasars

Evolution of the Universe

19.8 Dating the Universe

19.9 After the Big Bang

19.10 Origin of the Solar System

Extraterrestrial Life

19.11 Extrasolar Planets

19.12 Interstellar Travel

19.13 Interstellar Communication

Math Refresher

The Elements

Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises