Howard, Writing Matters 3e, Tabbed
Tab 1 Writing Responsibility
1 Writing Today 1
a. The Expanding Definition of Literacy 1
b. Multiliteracies and Print Literary 2
2 The Writer's Responsibilities 3
a. To Your Audience 3
b. To Your Topic 4
c. To Other Writers 4
d. To Yourself 5
Tab 2 Writing Matters
3 Reading Critically 7
a. Comprehending the Text 7
b. Reflecting on the Text 7
c. Preparing to Write about the Text 10
4 Planning and Drafting 14
a. Analyzing Your Writing Situation 14
b. Analyzing the Assignment and Setting a Schedule 17
c. Generating Topics and Ideas 18
d. Narrowing Your Topic and Drafting an Effective Thesis 21
e. Organizing Your Ideas 23
f. Drafting Your Writing Project 24
5 Crafting and Connecting Paragraphs 28
a. Relevance 28
b. Unity 29
c. Coherence 29
d. Development Using Patterns 31
e. Introductions 35
f. Conclusions 36
g. Connecting Paragraphs 37
6 Revising, Editing, and Proofreading 40
a. Analyzing Your Own Work 40
b. Reconsidering Your Title 41
c. Peer Review 42
d. Editing Your Words, Sentences 43
e. Proofreading 44
Student Models Advertisement Critique 12; Brainstorm 19; Journalists' Questions 20; Informal (or Scratch) Outline 23; Topic and Sentence Outlines 24; First Draft 24; Final Draft 45
Professional Models Newspaper Article 8; Speech 38
Tab 3 Design Matters
7 Designing Printed and Electronic Documents 51
a. Planning Your Design Project 51
b. Layout and Format 52
c. Adding Visuals 54
8 Designing in Context: Academic and Business Documents 56
a. Academic Texts 56
b. Business Texts 56
c. Websites and Web Pages 59
d. Social Media 61
9 Designing a Multimedia Presentation 62
a. Identifying Your Writing Situation 62
b. Devising a Topic and Thesis 63
c. Organizing the Presentation 63
d. Rehearsing the Presentation 64
e. Connecting with the Audience 66
Student Models MLA-Style Writing Project and Works Cited 57; Business Letter 58; Resume and Cover Letter 59
Tab 4 Genre Matters 67
10 Writing in College 67
a. Academic Approach 67
b. Sources of the Discipline 68
c. Language of the Discipline 68
d. Citing and Documenting Sources 69
e. Using Visuals in the Disciplines 69
f. Preparing for and Taking Exams 70
11 Analyzing and Crafting Arguments 73
a. Persuading and Exploring 73
b. Making Claims 74
c. Choosing Evidence Rhetorically 75
d. Considering Alternative Viewpoints 77
e. Assumptions and Common Ground 78
f. Organizing Arguments: Classical, Rogerian, and Toulmin Models 78
g. Avoiding Logical Fallacies 80
12 Writing about Literature 88
a. Analyzing Literature 88
b. Devising a Literacy Thesis 91
c. Supporting Your Claims with Evidence from the Text 92
d. Using the Appropriate Tense, Point of View, and Voice 92
e. Citing and Document Sources in MLA Style 94
Student Models Essay Exam Response 71; Exploratory Essay 82; Textual Analysis 89; Explication 94
Tab 5 Research Matters
13 Planning a Research Project 99
a. Analyzing the Research Assignment and Setting a Schedule 99
b. Choosing and Narrowing a Topic 100
c. Research Questions, Thesis 101
d. Choosing Research Sources 102
e. Working Bibliography 102
14 Finding Information 105
a. Reference Works 105
b. Information on the Web 106
c. Reliable Interactive Media 108
d. Articles in Journals, Periodicals 109
e. Using Your Library's Catalog 112
f. Government Information 113
g. Multimedia Sources 113
h. Field Research 114
15 Evaluating Information 116
a. Relevance 116
b. Reliability 117
c. Online Texts 120
d. Detecting Fake News 121
16 Using Information Responsibly: Taking Notes and Avoiding Plagiarism 122
a. Learning What You Do and Do Not Have to Acknowledge 124
b. Notes that Help Avoid Plagiarizing 125
c. Paraphrasing and Summarizing without Patchwriting 125
d. Capturing Quotations in Notes 129
e. Including Analysis, Interpretation, Synthesis, and Critique in Notes 131
17 Writing the Research Project 132
a. Drafting a Thesis Statement 132
b. Organizing Notes and Outlining 133
c. Analysis, Interpretation, Synthesis, and Critique of Sources 135
d. Supporting Claims with Summaries, Paraphrases, and Quotations 135
e. Revising, Editing, Proofreading, and Formatting 136
18 Citing Expertly 137
a. Integrating Source Material Responsibly 138
b. Showing Source Boundaries 140
c. Emphasizing Your Voice 141
d. Providing Context 143
e. Integrating Altered Quotations 146
f. Writing Responsibly Explaining Your Choice of Sources 148
g. Writing Responsibly Understanding and Representing the Entire Source 150
h. Writing Responsibly Choosing and Unpacking Complex Sources 152
i. Writing Responsibly Blending Voices in Your Text 154
j. Writing Responsibly Acknowledging Indirect Sources 156
Student Models Summary 128; Reading Note 130; Topic Outline 134
Tab 6 Documentation Matters: MLA Style
Tutorial Documentation Matters: MLA Style 159
19 MLA-Style In-Text Citations 163
20 MLA-Style List of Works Cited 178
Books–Printed and Electronic 178
Periodicals–Printed and Electronic 186
Other Electronic Sources 190
Audio and Visual Sources 192
Miscellaneous Sources 197
21 Informational Notes 199
22 Formatting in MLA Style 200
Student Model Research Project: MLA Style 204
Tab 7 Documentation Matters: APA Style
Tutorial Documentation Matters: APA Style 215
23 APA-Style In-Text Citations 219
24 APA-Style Reference List 228
Books - Printed and Electronic 228
Periodicals - Printed and Electronic 235
Other Electronic Sources 239
Audio and Visual Sources 241
Miscellaneous Sources 242
25 Informational Notes 244
26 Formatting in APA Style 245
Student Model Research Project: APA Style 248
Tab 8 Documentation Matters: Chicago and CSE Styles
27 Documenting Sources: Chicago Style 257
a. Chicago-Style Notes, Bibliography 257
Books–Printed and Electronic 258
Periodicals–Printed and Electronic 264
Other Electronic Sources 268
Audio and Visual Sources 269
Miscellaneous Sources 270
b. Chicago Style Tables and Figures 271
c. Formatting in Chicago-Style 271
28 Documenting Sources: CSE Styles 282
a. CSE-Style In-Text Citations 282
b. CSE-Style Reference List 284
Books–Printed and Electronic 284
Periodicals–Printed and Electronic 287
Miscellaneous Sources 291
c. Formatting 293
Student Models Research Project: Chicago Style 272; Research Project: CSE-Style Reference List 293
Tab 9 Style Matters
29 Writing Concisely 295
a. Wordy Expressions 295
b. Ineffective Repetition 297
c. Wordy Sentence Patterns 297
d. Consolidating Phrases, Clauses, and Sentences 298
30 Parallelism 299
a. Paired Items, Items in a Series 299
b. Comparisons 301
c. Words That Maintain Parallelism 301
d. Emphasis 301
31 Variety and Emphasis 302
a. Sentence Length and Structure 302
b. Coordination 303
c. Subordination 305
d. Sentence Openings 308
e. Sentence Rhythm 309
f. Strategic Repetition 311
g. Emphatic Verbs 311
h. Active vs. Passive Voice 311
32 Appropriate Language 312
a. Language and Context 312
b. Biased or Hurtful Language 315
33 Effective Words 318
a. Denotation and Connotation 318
b. Compelling Words and Figures 319
c. Idioms 322
d. Clichés 323
34 Dictionary and Thesaurus 324
a. Choosing a Dictionary 324
b. Consulting a Thesaurus 325
c. Reading Dictionary Entries 325
35 Glossary of Usage 327
Tab 10 Grammar Matters
Tutorial Grammar Matters: Common Sentence Problems 333
36 Understanding Grammar 339
Parts of Speech 339
a. Nouns 340
b. Pronouns 340
c. Verbs 341
d. Adjectives 341
e. Adverbs 343
f. Prepositions 344
g. Conjunctions 344
h. Interjections 345
Sentence Structure 345
i. Subjects 346
j. Predicates 347
k. Verb Types and Sentence Patterns 347
l. Phrases 350
m. Clauses 352
n. Sentence Types 353
37 Sentence Fragments 355
a. Recognizing Fragments 355
b. Editing Fragments 357
c. Intentional Fragments 360
38 Comma Splices and Fused Sentences 361
a. Joining Independent Clauses 361
b. Recognizing Comma Splices and Fused Sentences 362
c. Avoiding Spliced, Fused Sentences 362
d. Editing Spliced, Fused Sentences 363
39 Maintaining Agreement 366
Subject-Verb Agreement 366
a. How Subjects and Verbs Agree 366
b. Intervening Words 367
c. Compound Subjects 368
d. Indefinite Pronouns 369
e. Collective Nouns, Numbers 370
f. Singular Nouns Ending in -s 371
g. Titles, Words as Words, Gerunds 371
h. Who, Which, That 372
i. Subject Following Verb 372
j. Linking Verbs 373
Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement 373
k. Indefinite and Generic Words 374
l. Collective Nouns 376
m. Compound Antecedents 376
40 Verbs 377
Verb Forms 377
a. Basic Forms 377
b. Regular and Irregular Verbs 378
c. Complete Verbs 378
d. -s or -es, -d or -ed Endings 380
e. Rise/Raise, Sit/Set, Lie/Lay 381
Tense 382
f. Verb Tenses 382
g. Uses of Present Tense 384
h. Tense Sequence 385
Mood 386
i. Verb Mood 386
j. Subjunctive Mood 386
41 Pronoun Case and Reference 388
Pronoun Case 388
a. Subject Complements 389
b. Case in Compounds: She and I or Her and Me? 389
c. Appositives 390
d. We and Us before Nouns 391
e. Infinitives 391
f. Case with -ing Words 391
g. Comparisons with Than or As 391
h. Who/Whom, Whoever/Whomever 392
Pronoun Reference
i. Clear Reference 393
j. Specific Reference 394
k. Implied Reference 394
l. Indefinite They, It, You 394
42 Adjectives and Adverbs 395
a. Adjectives vs. Adverbs 395
b. Subject Complements 395
c. Bad vs. Badly, Good vs. Well 396
d. Double Negatives 397
e. Comparative and Superlatives 398
43 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers 399
a. Placing Modifiers 400
b. Squinting, Limiting Modifiers 400
c. Disruptive Placement 401
d. Split Infinitives 401
e. Dangling Modifiers 402
44 Confusing Shifts 404
a. Shifts in Tense 404
b. Shifts in Mood and Voice 404
c. Shifts in Person and Number 405
d. Shifts from Direct to Indirect Quotations, Questions 406
45 Mixed and Incomplete Constructions 407
a. Mixed Constructions 408
b. Mismatched Subjects and Predicates 409
c. Essential Words 410
d. Comparisons 412
Tab 11 Language Matters
46 English Sentence Structure 413
a. Normal Word Order 413
b. Stated Subject 413
c. There and It Sentences 414
d. Redundant Pronouns 414
e. Objects 415
f. Questions 416
g. Inversions 417
47 Nouns 418
a. Noun Types 418
b. Articles (a, an, the) and Other Determiners 419
48 Verb Issues 423
a. Phrasal Verbs 424
b. Gerunds and Infinitives 425
c. Participles as Adjectives 427
d. Helpings Verbs 427
49 Adjectives and Adverbs 430
a. Adjective Order 430
b. Prepositions with Adjectives 430
c. Adverb Placement 431
d. Confusing Adverbs 432
50 Prepositions 433
a. Recognizing Prepositions 434
b. Functions of Prepositions 434
c. Using Prepositions 437
d. Necessary, Unnecessary Prepositions 438
Tab 12 Detail Matters
51 Commas 439
a. Compound Sentences (Main Clauses Linked by And, But, Or, So, Yet, etc.) 439
b. Introductory Elements 440
c. Conjunctive Adverbs (However, etc.), Transitional Phrases (For example, etc.) 441
d. Interjections, Contrasting Information, Direct Addresses, etc. 441
e. Items in a Series 441
f. Coordinate Adjectives 442
g. Nonessential Elements 443
h. Quotations 445
i. Numbers, Names, Titles, Dates, etc. 446
j. Avoiding Ambiguity 447
k. Avoiding Use between Subjects/Verbs, Verbs/Objects 447
52 Semicolons 448
a. Linking Independent Clauses 448
b. Conjunctive Adverbs, Transitional Phrases 449
c. Series with Internal Punctuation 449
d. Comma Splices, Fused Sentences 449
e. Misuse 450
53 Apostrophes 450
a. Possession 450
b. Contractions, Abbreviated Years 453
c. Avoiding Use with Plurals of Dates, Abbreviations, Numbers, etc. 453
54 Quotation Marks 454
a. Direct Quotations 454
b. Titles of Short Works 456
c. Words Used in a Special Sense 457
d. Misuse 457
e. Punctuation with Quotations 457
f. Introducing, Identifying Quotations 458
55 End Punctuation 459
a. Periods 459
b. Question Marks 460
c. Exclamation Points 461
56 Dashes, Parentheses, Colons, Ellipses, and Other Marks 461
a. Dashes 462
b. Parentheses 463
c. Brackets 463
d. Colons 464
e. Ellipses 466
f. Slashes 467
57 Capitalizing 468
a. First Word of a Sentence 469
b. Proper Nouns, Proper Adjectives 471
c. Titles and Subtitles 471
d. First-Person Pronoun I 471
e. Abbreviations and Acronyms 471
58 Italics and Underlining 472
a. Titles of Long Works 472
b. Emphasis Sparingly 473
c. Names of Vehicles 473
d. Words, Letters, Numbers as Words 474
e. Non-English Words, Latin Genus and Species Names 474
f. Hyperlinks 474
59 Abbreviations 475
a. Titles 475
b. Acronyms and Initialisms 476
c. Years, Hours, Numbers, Dollars 476
d. Misuse with Names, Words, States and Countries, Measurements, etc. 477
e. Latin Abbreviations 477
60 Numbers 478
a. When to Spell Out 478
b. Conventions for Dates, Times, Addresses, Money, etc. 479
61 Spelling and Hyphenation 480
a. Homonyms 480
b. Spelling Rules 481
c. Plurals 482
d. Compounds 484
e. Word Breaks 485
Glossary of Key Terms G1
Index I1
EFL Index EFL1
