
Soft Bound Version for THiNK
4th EditionISBN10: 1260110664
ISBN13: 9781260110661
Copyright: 2017
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The estimated amount of time this product will be on the market is based on a number of factors, including faculty input to instructional design and the prior revision cycle and updates to academic research-which typically results in a revision cycle ranging from every two to four years for this product. Pricing subject to change at any time.
Program Details
Chapter 1: Critical Thinking: Why It's Important
What is Critical Thinking?
Critical Thinking in Everyday Life
Cognitive Development in College Students
Characteristics of a Good Critical Thinker
Analytical Skills
Effective Communication
Research and Inquiry Skills
Flexibility and Tolerance for Ambiguity
Open-minded Skepticism
Creative Problem Solving
Attention, Mindfulness, and Curiosity
Collaborative Learning
Critical Thinking and Self-Development
Living the Self-Examined Life
Developing a Rational Life Plan
Facing Challenges
The Importance of Self-Esteem
Critical Thinking in a Democracy
Barriers to Critical Thinking
The Three-Tier Model of Thinking
Resistance
Types of Resistance
Narrow-mindedness
Rationalization and Doublethink
Cognitive and Social Dissonance
Stress as a Barrier
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Affirmative Action in College Admissions
Chapter 2: Reason and Emotion
What is Reason?
Traditional Views of Reason
Gender, Age, and Reason
Dreams and Problem Solving
The Role of Emotion in Critical Thinking
Cultural Attitudes Toward Emotion
Emotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion
Negative Effects of Emotion
Integrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial Intelligence
Can Computers Think?
Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends Reason
Rationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason
Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are Compatible
Religion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of Language
Nonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative Meanings
Stipulative Definitions
Lexical Definitions
Precising Definitions
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Cognitive Development in College Students
Characteristics of a Good Critical Thinker
Analytical Skills
Effective Communication
Research and Inquiry Skills
Flexibility and Tolerance for Ambiguity
Open-minded Skepticism
Creative Problem Solving
Attention, Mindfulness, and Curiosity
Collaborative Learning
Critical Thinking and Self-Development
Living the Self-Examined Life
Developing a Rational Life Plan
Facing Challenges
The Importance of Self-Esteem
Critical Thinking in a Democracy
Barriers to Critical Thinking
The Three-Tier Model of Thinking
Resistance
Types of Resistance
Narrow-mindedness
Rationalization and Doublethink
Cognitive and Social Dissonance
Stress as a Barrier
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Affirmative Action in College Admissions
Chapter 2: Reason and Emotion
What is Reason?
Traditional Views of Reason
Gender, Age, and Reason
Dreams and Problem Solving
The Role of Emotion in Critical Thinking
Cultural Attitudes Toward Emotion
Emotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion
Negative Effects of Emotion
Integrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial Intelligence
Can Computers Think?
Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends Reason
Rationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason
Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are Compatible
Religion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of Language
Nonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative Meanings
Stipulative Definitions
Lexical Definitions
Precising Definitions
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Research and Inquiry Skills
Flexibility and Tolerance for Ambiguity
Open-minded Skepticism
Creative Problem Solving
Attention, Mindfulness, and Curiosity
Collaborative Learning
Critical Thinking and Self-Development
Living the Self-Examined Life
Developing a Rational Life Plan
Facing Challenges
The Importance of Self-Esteem
Critical Thinking in a Democracy
Barriers to Critical Thinking
The Three-Tier Model of Thinking
Resistance
Types of Resistance
Narrow-mindedness
Rationalization and Doublethink
Cognitive and Social Dissonance
Stress as a Barrier
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Affirmative Action in College Admissions
Chapter 2: Reason and Emotion
What is Reason?
Traditional Views of Reason
Gender, Age, and Reason
Dreams and Problem Solving
The Role of Emotion in Critical Thinking
Cultural Attitudes Toward Emotion
Emotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion
Negative Effects of Emotion
Integrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial Intelligence
Can Computers Think?
Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends Reason
Rationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason
Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are Compatible
Religion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of Language
Nonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative Meanings
Stipulative Definitions
Lexical Definitions
Precising Definitions
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Open-minded Skepticism
Creative Problem Solving
Attention, Mindfulness, and Curiosity
Collaborative Learning
Critical Thinking and Self-Development
Living the Self-Examined Life
Developing a Rational Life Plan
Facing Challenges
The Importance of Self-Esteem
Critical Thinking in a Democracy
Barriers to Critical Thinking
The Three-Tier Model of Thinking
Resistance
Types of Resistance
Narrow-mindedness
Rationalization and Doublethink
Cognitive and Social Dissonance
Stress as a Barrier
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Affirmative Action in College Admissions
Chapter 2: Reason and Emotion
What is Reason?
Traditional Views of Reason
Gender, Age, and Reason
Dreams and Problem Solving
The Role of Emotion in Critical Thinking
Cultural Attitudes Toward Emotion
Emotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion
Negative Effects of Emotion
Integrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial Intelligence
Can Computers Think?
Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends Reason
Rationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason
Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are Compatible
Religion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of Language
Nonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative Meanings
Stipulative Definitions
Lexical Definitions
Precising Definitions
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Attention, Mindfulness, and Curiosity
Collaborative Learning
Critical Thinking and Self-Development
Living the Self-Examined Life
Developing a Rational Life Plan
Facing Challenges
The Importance of Self-Esteem
Critical Thinking in a Democracy
Barriers to Critical Thinking
The Three-Tier Model of Thinking
Resistance
Types of Resistance
Narrow-mindedness
Rationalization and Doublethink
Cognitive and Social Dissonance
Stress as a Barrier
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Affirmative Action in College Admissions
Chapter 2: Reason and Emotion
What is Reason?
Traditional Views of Reason
Gender, Age, and Reason
Dreams and Problem Solving
The Role of Emotion in Critical Thinking
Cultural Attitudes Toward Emotion
Emotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion
Negative Effects of Emotion
Integrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial Intelligence
Can Computers Think?
Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends Reason
Rationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason
Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are Compatible
Religion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of Language
Nonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative Meanings
Stipulative Definitions
Lexical Definitions
Precising Definitions
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Living the Self-Examined Life
Developing a Rational Life Plan
Facing Challenges
The Importance of Self-Esteem
Critical Thinking in a Democracy
Barriers to Critical Thinking
The Three-Tier Model of Thinking
Resistance
Types of Resistance
Narrow-mindedness
Rationalization and Doublethink
Cognitive and Social Dissonance
Stress as a Barrier
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Affirmative Action in College Admissions
Chapter 2: Reason and Emotion
What is Reason?
Traditional Views of Reason
Gender, Age, and Reason
Dreams and Problem Solving
The Role of Emotion in Critical Thinking
Cultural Attitudes Toward Emotion
Emotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion
Negative Effects of Emotion
Integrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial Intelligence
Can Computers Think?
Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends Reason
Rationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason
Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are Compatible
Religion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of Language
Nonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative Meanings
Stipulative Definitions
Lexical Definitions
Precising Definitions
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Facing Challenges
The Importance of Self-Esteem
Critical Thinking in a Democracy
Barriers to Critical Thinking
The Three-Tier Model of Thinking
Resistance
Types of Resistance
Narrow-mindedness
Rationalization and Doublethink
Cognitive and Social Dissonance
Stress as a Barrier
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Affirmative Action in College Admissions
Chapter 2: Reason and Emotion
What is Reason?
Traditional Views of Reason
Gender, Age, and Reason
Dreams and Problem Solving
The Role of Emotion in Critical Thinking
Cultural Attitudes Toward Emotion
Emotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion
Negative Effects of Emotion
Integrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial Intelligence
Can Computers Think?
Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends Reason
Rationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason
Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are Compatible
Religion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of Language
Nonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative Meanings
Stipulative Definitions
Lexical Definitions
Precising Definitions
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Critical Thinking in a Democracy
Barriers to Critical Thinking
The Three-Tier Model of Thinking
Resistance
Types of Resistance
Narrow-mindedness
Rationalization and Doublethink
Cognitive and Social Dissonance
Stress as a Barrier
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Affirmative Action in College Admissions
Chapter 2: Reason and Emotion
What is Reason?
Traditional Views of Reason
Gender, Age, and Reason
Dreams and Problem Solving
The Role of Emotion in Critical Thinking
Cultural Attitudes Toward Emotion
Emotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion
Negative Effects of Emotion
Integrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial Intelligence
Can Computers Think?
Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends Reason
Rationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason
Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are Compatible
Religion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of Language
Nonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative Meanings
Stipulative Definitions
Lexical Definitions
Precising Definitions
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Types of Resistance
Narrow-mindedness
Rationalization and Doublethink
Cognitive and Social Dissonance
Stress as a Barrier
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Affirmative Action in College Admissions
Chapter 2: Reason and Emotion
What is Reason?
Traditional Views of Reason
Gender, Age, and Reason
Dreams and Problem Solving
The Role of Emotion in Critical Thinking
Cultural Attitudes Toward Emotion
Emotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion
Negative Effects of Emotion
Integrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial Intelligence
Can Computers Think?
Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends Reason
Rationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason
Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are Compatible
Religion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of Language
Nonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative Meanings
Stipulative Definitions
Lexical Definitions
Precising Definitions
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Rationalization and Doublethink
Cognitive and Social Dissonance
Stress as a Barrier
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Affirmative Action in College Admissions
Chapter 2: Reason and Emotion
What is Reason?
Traditional Views of Reason
Gender, Age, and Reason
Dreams and Problem Solving
The Role of Emotion in Critical Thinking
Cultural Attitudes Toward Emotion
Emotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion
Negative Effects of Emotion
Integrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial Intelligence
Can Computers Think?
Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends Reason
Rationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason
Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are Compatible
Religion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of Language
Nonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative Meanings
Stipulative Definitions
Lexical Definitions
Precising Definitions
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Stress as a Barrier
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Affirmative Action in College Admissions
Chapter 2: Reason and Emotion
What is Reason?
Traditional Views of Reason
Gender, Age, and Reason
Dreams and Problem Solving
The Role of Emotion in Critical Thinking
Cultural Attitudes Toward Emotion
Emotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion
Negative Effects of Emotion
Integrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial Intelligence
Can Computers Think?
Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends Reason
Rationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason
Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are Compatible
Religion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of Language
Nonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative Meanings
Stipulative Definitions
Lexical Definitions
Precising Definitions
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Dreams and Problem Solving
The Role of Emotion in Critical Thinking
Cultural Attitudes Toward Emotion
Emotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion
Negative Effects of Emotion
Integrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial Intelligence
Can Computers Think?
Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends Reason
Rationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason
Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are Compatible
Religion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of Language
Nonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative Meanings
Stipulative Definitions
Lexical Definitions
Precising Definitions
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Emotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion
Negative Effects of Emotion
Integrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial Intelligence
Can Computers Think?
Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends Reason
Rationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason
Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are Compatible
Religion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of Language
Nonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative Meanings
Stipulative Definitions
Lexical Definitions
Precising Definitions
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Integrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial Intelligence
Can Computers Think?
Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends Reason
Rationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason
Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are Compatible
Religion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of Language
Nonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative Meanings
Stipulative Definitions
Lexical Definitions
Precising Definitions
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends Reason
Rationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason
Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are Compatible
Religion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of Language
Nonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative Meanings
Stipulative Definitions
Lexical Definitions
Precising Definitions
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are Compatible
Religion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of Language
Nonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative Meanings
Stipulative Definitions
Lexical Definitions
Precising Definitions
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Nonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative Meanings
Stipulative Definitions
Lexical Definitions
Precising Definitions
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Lexical Definitions
Precising Definitions
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Notes
Credits
Index
Index
About the Author
Judith Boss
Judith A. Boss earned her PhD in 1990 from Boston University, her MA from Dalhousie University in Canada in 1971, and her BA from the University of Western Australia in 1969. Prior to pursing a career in academia, she worked as a writer/researcher for the Nova Scotia Museum. She was on the faculty of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Rhode Island from 1988 to 1995 and worked as Assistant Director of Curriculum Affairs at Brown University School of Medicine until 2004, when she "retired" to return to full-time writing. She remained at Brown University as a visiting scholar with the philosophy department for several years while working on her textbooks. In addition to her philosophical interests, she completed a MS in Human Development at URI in 1991 and has led faculty workshops and written extensively on the topic of college student development. She was recipient of a URI Foundation Grant to study the effects of community service learning on students' moral development and has served as a grant application reviewer for the Corporation for National Service. The author of nine books, her publications include ANALYZING MORAL ISSUES and ETHICS FOR LIFE, both with McGraw-Hill. Her textbook THiNK, also with McGraw-Hill, just came out in 2009. She is published in, among other, The Journal of Moral Education, Public Affairs Quarterly, The Journal of Medical Ethics, Academic Medicine, Educational Theory, Free Inquiry, and The Journal of Experiential Education. During her spare time she volunteers with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services and is active in the Appalachian Mountain Club. An avid traveler, she has traveled with students from the University of Rhode Island and Brown Medical School to work with underserved, indigenous people in Guatemala and Mexico. Her favorite travel destination, however, is Antarctica, and Blue Ice, a suspense/thriller she wrote that is set in Antarctica, is coming out in print next year. She lives in Rhode Island with her daughter, son-in-law and twin granddaughters.
Chapter 1: Critical Thinking: Why It's Important
What is Critical Thinking?
Critical Thinking in Everyday Life
Cognitive Development in College Students
Characteristics of a Good Critical Thinker
Analytical Skills
Effective Communication
Research and Inquiry Skills
Flexibility and Tolerance for Ambiguity
Open-minded Skepticism
Creative Problem Solving
Attention, Mindfulness, and Curiosity
Collaborative Learning
Critical Thinking and Self-Development
Living the Self-Examined Life
Developing a Rational Life Plan
Facing Challenges
The Importance of Self-Esteem
Critical Thinking in a Democracy
Barriers to Critical Thinking
The Three-Tier Model of Thinking
Resistance
Types of Resistance
Narrow-mindedness
Rationalization and Doublethink
Cognitive and Social Dissonance
Stress as a Barrier
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Affirmative Action in College Admissions
Chapter 2: Reason and Emotion
What is Reason?
Traditional Views of Reason
Gender, Age, and Reason
Dreams and Problem Solving
The Role of Emotion in Critical Thinking
Cultural Attitudes Toward Emotion
Emotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion
Negative Effects of Emotion
Integrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial Intelligence
Can Computers Think?
Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends Reason
Rationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason
Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are Compatible
Religion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of Language
Nonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative Meanings
Stipulative Definitions
Lexical Definitions
Precising Definitions
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Cognitive Development in College Students
Characteristics of a Good Critical Thinker
Analytical Skills
Effective Communication
Research and Inquiry Skills
Flexibility and Tolerance for Ambiguity
Open-minded Skepticism
Creative Problem Solving
Attention, Mindfulness, and Curiosity
Collaborative Learning
Critical Thinking and Self-Development
Living the Self-Examined Life
Developing a Rational Life Plan
Facing Challenges
The Importance of Self-Esteem
Critical Thinking in a Democracy
Barriers to Critical Thinking
The Three-Tier Model of Thinking
Resistance
Types of Resistance
Narrow-mindedness
Rationalization and Doublethink
Cognitive and Social Dissonance
Stress as a Barrier
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Affirmative Action in College Admissions
Chapter 2: Reason and Emotion
What is Reason?
Traditional Views of Reason
Gender, Age, and Reason
Dreams and Problem Solving
The Role of Emotion in Critical Thinking
Cultural Attitudes Toward Emotion
Emotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion
Negative Effects of Emotion
Integrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial Intelligence
Can Computers Think?
Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends Reason
Rationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason
Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are Compatible
Religion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of Language
Nonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative Meanings
Stipulative Definitions
Lexical Definitions
Precising Definitions
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Research and Inquiry Skills
Flexibility and Tolerance for Ambiguity
Open-minded Skepticism
Creative Problem Solving
Attention, Mindfulness, and Curiosity
Collaborative Learning
Critical Thinking and Self-Development
Living the Self-Examined Life
Developing a Rational Life Plan
Facing Challenges
The Importance of Self-Esteem
Critical Thinking in a Democracy
Barriers to Critical Thinking
The Three-Tier Model of Thinking
Resistance
Types of Resistance
Narrow-mindedness
Rationalization and Doublethink
Cognitive and Social Dissonance
Stress as a Barrier
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Affirmative Action in College Admissions
Chapter 2: Reason and Emotion
What is Reason?
Traditional Views of Reason
Gender, Age, and Reason
Dreams and Problem Solving
The Role of Emotion in Critical Thinking
Cultural Attitudes Toward Emotion
Emotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion
Negative Effects of Emotion
Integrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial Intelligence
Can Computers Think?
Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends Reason
Rationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason
Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are Compatible
Religion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of Language
Nonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative Meanings
Stipulative Definitions
Lexical Definitions
Precising Definitions
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Open-minded Skepticism
Creative Problem Solving
Attention, Mindfulness, and Curiosity
Collaborative Learning
Critical Thinking and Self-Development
Living the Self-Examined Life
Developing a Rational Life Plan
Facing Challenges
The Importance of Self-Esteem
Critical Thinking in a Democracy
Barriers to Critical Thinking
The Three-Tier Model of Thinking
Resistance
Types of Resistance
Narrow-mindedness
Rationalization and Doublethink
Cognitive and Social Dissonance
Stress as a Barrier
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Affirmative Action in College Admissions
Chapter 2: Reason and Emotion
What is Reason?
Traditional Views of Reason
Gender, Age, and Reason
Dreams and Problem Solving
The Role of Emotion in Critical Thinking
Cultural Attitudes Toward Emotion
Emotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion
Negative Effects of Emotion
Integrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial Intelligence
Can Computers Think?
Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends Reason
Rationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason
Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are Compatible
Religion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of Language
Nonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative Meanings
Stipulative Definitions
Lexical Definitions
Precising Definitions
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Attention, Mindfulness, and Curiosity
Collaborative Learning
Critical Thinking and Self-Development
Living the Self-Examined Life
Developing a Rational Life Plan
Facing Challenges
The Importance of Self-Esteem
Critical Thinking in a Democracy
Barriers to Critical Thinking
The Three-Tier Model of Thinking
Resistance
Types of Resistance
Narrow-mindedness
Rationalization and Doublethink
Cognitive and Social Dissonance
Stress as a Barrier
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Affirmative Action in College Admissions
Chapter 2: Reason and Emotion
What is Reason?
Traditional Views of Reason
Gender, Age, and Reason
Dreams and Problem Solving
The Role of Emotion in Critical Thinking
Cultural Attitudes Toward Emotion
Emotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion
Negative Effects of Emotion
Integrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial Intelligence
Can Computers Think?
Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends Reason
Rationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason
Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are Compatible
Religion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of Language
Nonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative Meanings
Stipulative Definitions
Lexical Definitions
Precising Definitions
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Living the Self-Examined Life
Developing a Rational Life Plan
Facing Challenges
The Importance of Self-Esteem
Critical Thinking in a Democracy
Barriers to Critical Thinking
The Three-Tier Model of Thinking
Resistance
Types of Resistance
Narrow-mindedness
Rationalization and Doublethink
Cognitive and Social Dissonance
Stress as a Barrier
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Affirmative Action in College Admissions
Chapter 2: Reason and Emotion
What is Reason?
Traditional Views of Reason
Gender, Age, and Reason
Dreams and Problem Solving
The Role of Emotion in Critical Thinking
Cultural Attitudes Toward Emotion
Emotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion
Negative Effects of Emotion
Integrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial Intelligence
Can Computers Think?
Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends Reason
Rationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason
Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are Compatible
Religion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of Language
Nonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative Meanings
Stipulative Definitions
Lexical Definitions
Precising Definitions
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Facing Challenges
The Importance of Self-Esteem
Critical Thinking in a Democracy
Barriers to Critical Thinking
The Three-Tier Model of Thinking
Resistance
Types of Resistance
Narrow-mindedness
Rationalization and Doublethink
Cognitive and Social Dissonance
Stress as a Barrier
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Affirmative Action in College Admissions
Chapter 2: Reason and Emotion
What is Reason?
Traditional Views of Reason
Gender, Age, and Reason
Dreams and Problem Solving
The Role of Emotion in Critical Thinking
Cultural Attitudes Toward Emotion
Emotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion
Negative Effects of Emotion
Integrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial Intelligence
Can Computers Think?
Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends Reason
Rationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason
Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are Compatible
Religion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of Language
Nonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative Meanings
Stipulative Definitions
Lexical Definitions
Precising Definitions
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Critical Thinking in a Democracy
Barriers to Critical Thinking
The Three-Tier Model of Thinking
Resistance
Types of Resistance
Narrow-mindedness
Rationalization and Doublethink
Cognitive and Social Dissonance
Stress as a Barrier
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Affirmative Action in College Admissions
Chapter 2: Reason and Emotion
What is Reason?
Traditional Views of Reason
Gender, Age, and Reason
Dreams and Problem Solving
The Role of Emotion in Critical Thinking
Cultural Attitudes Toward Emotion
Emotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion
Negative Effects of Emotion
Integrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial Intelligence
Can Computers Think?
Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends Reason
Rationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason
Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are Compatible
Religion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of Language
Nonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative Meanings
Stipulative Definitions
Lexical Definitions
Precising Definitions
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Types of Resistance
Narrow-mindedness
Rationalization and Doublethink
Cognitive and Social Dissonance
Stress as a Barrier
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Affirmative Action in College Admissions
Chapter 2: Reason and Emotion
What is Reason?
Traditional Views of Reason
Gender, Age, and Reason
Dreams and Problem Solving
The Role of Emotion in Critical Thinking
Cultural Attitudes Toward Emotion
Emotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion
Negative Effects of Emotion
Integrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial Intelligence
Can Computers Think?
Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends Reason
Rationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason
Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are Compatible
Religion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of Language
Nonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative Meanings
Stipulative Definitions
Lexical Definitions
Precising Definitions
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Rationalization and Doublethink
Cognitive and Social Dissonance
Stress as a Barrier
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Affirmative Action in College Admissions
Chapter 2: Reason and Emotion
What is Reason?
Traditional Views of Reason
Gender, Age, and Reason
Dreams and Problem Solving
The Role of Emotion in Critical Thinking
Cultural Attitudes Toward Emotion
Emotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion
Negative Effects of Emotion
Integrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial Intelligence
Can Computers Think?
Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends Reason
Rationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason
Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are Compatible
Religion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of Language
Nonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative Meanings
Stipulative Definitions
Lexical Definitions
Precising Definitions
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Stress as a Barrier
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Affirmative Action in College Admissions
Chapter 2: Reason and Emotion
What is Reason?
Traditional Views of Reason
Gender, Age, and Reason
Dreams and Problem Solving
The Role of Emotion in Critical Thinking
Cultural Attitudes Toward Emotion
Emotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion
Negative Effects of Emotion
Integrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial Intelligence
Can Computers Think?
Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends Reason
Rationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason
Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are Compatible
Religion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of Language
Nonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative Meanings
Stipulative Definitions
Lexical Definitions
Precising Definitions
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Dreams and Problem Solving
The Role of Emotion in Critical Thinking
Cultural Attitudes Toward Emotion
Emotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion
Negative Effects of Emotion
Integrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial Intelligence
Can Computers Think?
Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends Reason
Rationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason
Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are Compatible
Religion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of Language
Nonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative Meanings
Stipulative Definitions
Lexical Definitions
Precising Definitions
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Emotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion
Negative Effects of Emotion
Integrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial Intelligence
Can Computers Think?
Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends Reason
Rationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason
Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are Compatible
Religion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of Language
Nonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative Meanings
Stipulative Definitions
Lexical Definitions
Precising Definitions
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Integrating Emotion and Reason
Artificial Intelligence, Reason, and Emotion
The Field of Artificial Intelligence
Can Computers Think?
Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends Reason
Rationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason
Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are Compatible
Religion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of Language
Nonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative Meanings
Stipulative Definitions
Lexical Definitions
Precising Definitions
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Can Computers Feel Emotion?
Faith and Reason
Fideism: Faith Transcends Reason
Rationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason
Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are Compatible
Religion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of Language
Nonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative Meanings
Stipulative Definitions
Lexical Definitions
Precising Definitions
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason are Compatible
Religion, Spirituality and Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
What is Language?
Functions of Language
Nonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative Meanings
Stipulative Definitions
Lexical Definitions
Precising Definitions
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Nonverbal Language
Definitions
Denotative and Connotative Meanings
Stipulative Definitions
Lexical Definitions
Precising Definitions
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Lexical Definitions
Precising Definitions
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Persuasive Definitions
Evaluating Definitions
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
Communication Styles
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
The Use of Language to Manipulate
Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Free Speech Zones on College Campuses
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence and Errors in Thinking
Human Knowledge and Its Limitations
Rationalism and Empiricism
The Structure of the Mind
Evaluating Evidence
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources
Cognitive and Perceptual Errors in Thinking
Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable Events Error
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Probability Error
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Social Errors and Biases
"One of Us/One of Them" Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Evaluating Existence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
What is a Fallacy?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Fallacy of Composition
Fallacies of Relevance
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) Fallacy
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Straw Man
Red Herring
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions
Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy
Strategies for Avoiding Fallacies
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Critical Thinking Issues: Perspectives on Gun Control
Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
What is an Issue?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions
Recognizing an Argument
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Breaking Down and Diagramming Arguments
Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are The Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Relevance: Are The Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?
Constructing an Argument
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Legalizing Marijuana
Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
What is a Deductive Argument?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Same Sex Marriage
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
What is an Inductive Argument?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life
Generalization
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization
Analogies
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies
Causal Arguments
Causal Relationships
Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Evaluating Causal Arguments
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Sound and Unsound Arguments
Types of Deductive Arguments
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Arguments from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity
Categorical Syllogisms
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Translating Ordinary Arguments into Standard Form
Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard-Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument in Standard Form
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Death Penalty
Chapter 9: Critical Thinking in Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
What is Moral Reasoning?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Conscience and Moral Sentiment
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students
Moral Theories: Morality is Relative
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Moral Theories: Morality is Universal
Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based ethics
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Virtue Ethics
Moral Arguments
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Abortion
Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Marketing in a Consumer Culture
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking
Marketing Strategies
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Advertising and the Media
The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Evaluating Advertisements
Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
A Critique of Advertising
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on Advertising and Children
Chapter 11: Mass Media
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Mass Media in the United States
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
The Media Today
The News Media
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Bias in the News
Science Reporting
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Evaluating Scientific Reports
The Internet
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
The Internet as "The Great Equalizer"
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Media Literacy: A Critical Thinking Approach
Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Interpreting Media Messages
Critical Thinking Issue: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students
Chapter 12: Science
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
What is Science?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Science and Religion
The Scientific Method
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
1. Identify the Problem
2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis Based on Testing or Experimental Results
Evaluating Scientific Hypotheses
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Predictive Power
Distinguishing Between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Research Methodology and Scientific Experiments
Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Single Group (Pretest-Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Paradigms
Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
Critical Thinking Issue: Evolution versus Intelligent Design
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Chapter 13: Law and Politics
The Social Contract Theory of Government
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
International Law
The Development of Democracy in the United States
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the "Tyranny of the Majority"
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Political Campaigns and Elections
Voting: A Right or a Duty?
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
The Executive Branch of Government
The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
The Legislative Branch of Government
The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
The Judicial Branch of Government
The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Jury Duty
Critical Thinking Issue: Perspectives on the Use of Drones in Warfare
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Solutions Manual
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Notes
Credits
Index
Index
About the Author
Judith Boss
Judith A. Boss earned her PhD in 1990 from Boston University, her MA from Dalhousie University in Canada in 1971, and her BA from the University of Western Australia in 1969. Prior to pursing a career in academia, she worked as a writer/researcher for the Nova Scotia Museum. She was on the faculty of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Rhode Island from 1988 to 1995 and worked as Assistant Director of Curriculum Affairs at Brown University School of Medicine until 2004, when she "retired" to return to full-time writing. She remained at Brown University as a visiting scholar with the philosophy department for several years while working on her textbooks. In addition to her philosophical interests, she completed a MS in Human Development at URI in 1991 and has led faculty workshops and written extensively on the topic of college student development. She was recipient of a URI Foundation Grant to study the effects of community service learning on students' moral development and has served as a grant application reviewer for the Corporation for National Service. The author of nine books, her publications include ANALYZING MORAL ISSUES and ETHICS FOR LIFE, both with McGraw-Hill. Her textbook THiNK, also with McGraw-Hill, just came out in 2009. She is published in, among other, The Journal of Moral Education, Public Affairs Quarterly, The Journal of Medical Ethics, Academic Medicine, Educational Theory, Free Inquiry, and The Journal of Experiential Education. During her spare time she volunteers with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services and is active in the Appalachian Mountain Club. An avid traveler, she has traveled with students from the University of Rhode Island and Brown Medical School to work with underserved, indigenous people in Guatemala and Mexico. Her favorite travel destination, however, is Antarctica, and Blue Ice, a suspense/thriller she wrote that is set in Antarctica, is coming out in print next year. She lives in Rhode Island with her daughter, son-in-law and twin granddaughters.
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