Clinical Applications Manual to accompany Anatomy and Physiology

1 Introduction to Clinical Applications

Homeostasis and Disease

The Study of Disease

The Causes of Disease

The Signs and Symptoms of Disease

Diseases in Time

Medical Personnel and Facilities

Case Study 1: The Children with Lead Poisoning

Selected Clinical Terms

2 Diagnosing a Disease

Medical Diagnosis

The Chief Complaint

Diagnosis as Hypothesis Testing

The Process of Diagnosis

1. Medical History

2. Physical Examination

3. Laboratory Tests

4. Tests Performed on the Body Itself

Final Diagnosis

Terminology of Clinical Conditions, Signs and Symptoms

Case Study 2: The Singer with a Sore Throat

Selected Clinical Terms

3 Treating a Disease

The Aims of Therapy

The Therapeutic Partnership

Controlling Infections of Clinical Origin

Some Treatment Approaches

Terminology of Diagnosis and Treatment

Basic Facts About Medication

Routes of Administration

Types of Drugs

Pharmaceutical Abbreviations

Case Study 3: Drug Development and Scientific Method

Selected Clinical Terms

4 Cellular Form and Function

Organelles and Disease

Mitochondrial Cytopathies

Lysosomal Storage Diseases

Pathogenic Organisms

Viruses

Bacteria

Protozoa

Fungi

Multicellular Parasites

Case Study 4: The Unsuspecting Honeymooners

Selected Clinical Terms

5 Genetics and Cellular Function

Cancer

Characteristics of Cancer Cells

Cancer Detection and Diagnosis

Cancer Treatment

Hereditary Diseases and Genetic Counseling

Interpreting Pedigrees

Case Study 5: At Risk for Hemophilia

Selected Clinical Terms

6 Histopathology

Cellular Injury and Tissue Damage

Hypoxia

Free Radicals

Chemicals

Nutritional Imbalances

Temperature Extremes

Some Signs and Effects of Cellular Injury

Methods in Histopathology

Case Study 6: Breast Tumors- A Day in the Histopathology Lab

Selected Clinical Terms

7 The Integumentary System

Diagnosing Skin Disorders

Common Skin Disorders

Burns and the Rule of Nines

Pressure Ulcers

Allergic Contact Dermatitis

Viral Infections

Bacterial Infections

Fungal Infections (Tinea)

Parasitic Infestations

Disorders of the Accessory Organs of the Skin

Nails

Acne

Case Study 7: The Itchy Physical Therapist

Selected Clinical Terms

8 Bone Tissue

Diagnosing Bone Disorders

Common Bone Disorders

Osteoporosis

Osteomyelitis

Osteochondrosis

Bone Tumors

Case Study 8: The Bike Rider with a Broken Hip

Selected Clinical Terms

9 The Skeletal System

Diagnosing Skeletal Disorders

Developmental Disorders of the Skull

Acrania

Craniosynostosis

Disorders of the Vertebral Column

Spina Bifida

Vertebral Disorders Causing Low Back Pain

Disorders of the Feet

Foot Deformities

Heel Pain

Case Study 9: The Boy Whose Feet Hurt

Selected Clinical Terms

10 Joints

Diagnosing Joint Disorders

Arthritis

Osteoarthritis

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Ankylosing Spondylitis

Bursitis

Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip

Case Study 10: The Woman with Sore Knees

Selected Clinical Terms

11 The Muscular System

Diagnosing Structual Disorders of the Muscular System

Structural Disorders of Skeletal Muscle

Rhabdomyolysis

Myositis

Muscle Tumors

Case Study 11: The Pitcher with a Sore Arm

Selected Clinical Terms

12 Muscular Tissue

Diagnosing Functional Disorders of the Muscular System

Muscle Deconditioning and Disuse Atrophy

Neuromuscular Disorders

Botulism

Tetanus

Myasthenia Gravis

Muscular Dystrophy

Fibromyalgia

The Clinical Use of Muscle Relaxants

Case Study 12: The Professor with Double Vision

Selected Clinical Terms

13 Nervous Tissue

Diagnosing Nervous System Disorders

Demyelinating Diseases

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

Multiple Sclerosis

Gliomas

Stroke

Case Study 13: The Drummer with Tingling Fingers

Selected Clinical Terms

14 The Central Nervous System

Poliomyelitis

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Meningitis

Encephalitis

Traumatic Brain Injury

Concussion

Contusion

Epilepsy

Case Study 14: The Student with Meningitis

Selected Clinical Terms

15 The Peripheral Nervous System and Reflexes

Reflex Testing

Deep Reflexes

Superficial Reflexes

Reflexes of Infants

Diseases Affecting the PNS

Low Back Pain

Rabies (Hydrophobia)

Case Study 15: Getting Close to Nature- Too Close

Selected Clinical Terms

16 Sense Organs

Investigating Disorders of the Senses

The General Senses

Testing the General Senses

Diagnosing and Managing Pain

The Special Senses

Hearing

Vision

Case Study 16: No More Loud Music

Selected Clinical Terms

17 The Endocrine System

Overview of Endocrine Disorders

Diagnosing Endocrine Disorders

Disorders of the Pituitary Gland

Hypopopituitarism

Gigantism and Acromegaly

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion

Disorders of the Thyroid Gland

Hyperthyroidism

Hypothyroidism

Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex

Cushing Syndrome

Addison Disease

Case Study 17: The Woman with Weight Gain

Selected Clinical Terms

18 The Circulatory System: Blood

Evaluation of the Blood and Clotting Systems

Collecting Blood Samples

Analysis of Blood Properties

Coagulation Tests

Bone Marrow Analysis

Blood Transfusions

Artificial Manipulation of the Hematocrit

Iron Overload

Anemia

Leukemia

Thrombocytopenia

Case Study 18: The Bruised Boy

Selected Clinical Terms

19 The Circulatory System: The Heart

Diagnosing Cardiovascular Disorders

Noninvasive Tests

Invasive Tests

Blood Analysis

Cardiac Arrhythmia

Inflammatory Heart Diseases

Pericarditis

Endocarditis

Rheumatic Heart Disease

Cardiomyopathies

Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction

Case Study 19: The Hard-Working Executive

Selected Clinical Terms

20 The Circulatory System: Blood Vessels and Circulation

Aneurysms

Syncope

Orthostatic Hypotension

Raynaud Phenomenon and Raynaud Disease

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Varicose Veins

Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)

Case Study 20: The Boy Who Didn’t Grow

Selected Clinical Terms

21 The Lymphatic and Immune Systems

Diagnosis of Lymphatic and Immune Disorders

Disorders of the Lymphatic System

Lymph Nodes and Cancer Metastasis

Lymphomas

Lymphadenitis

Tonsillitis

Infectious Mononucleosis

Automimmune Diseases

Transplant Rejection

Case Study 21: The Graduate Student with Swollen Lymph Nodes

Selected Clinical Terms

22 The Respiratory System

Diagnosis of Respiratory Disorders

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Tuberculosis

Mountain (Altitude) Sickness

Cystic Fibrosis

Asthma

Pneumoconiosis

Case Study 22: The Teacher with a Persistent Cough

Selected Clinical Terms

23 The Urinary System

Assessment of the Urinary System

Common Signs and Symptoms of Urinary Disorders

Tests Used in Diagnosing Urinary System Disorders

Urinary Tract Infections: Cystitis and Pyelonephritis

Glomerulopathies: Glomerulonephritis and Nephrotic Syndrome

Neurogenic Bladder

Using Diuretics to Treat Urinary System Disorders

Case Study 23: The International Student with Renal Disease

Selected Clinical Terms

24 Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

Diabetes

Diabetes Mellitus

Gestational Diabetes

Diabetes Insipidus

Abnormalities in Sodium Balance

Hypernatremia

Hyponatremia

Abnormalities in Potassium Ion Balance

Hyperkalemia

Hypoatremia

Diagnosing Acid-Base Imbalances

Case Study 24: The Very Thirsty Baby

Selected Clinical Terms

25 The Digestive System

Assessment of the Digestive System

Common Symptoms of Digestive System

Disorders

Physical Examination

Laboratory Procedures

Imaging Techniques

Pancreatitis

Liver Disorders: Hepatitis and Cirrhosis

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Appendicitis

Colorectal Cancer

Case Study 25: The Man with Yellow Eyes

Selected Clinical Terms

26 Nutrition and Metabolism

Clinical Approaches to Nutrition

Assessing Nutritional Status

Providing Nutritional Support

Undernutrition

Starvation

Protein-Energy Malnutrition

Eating Disorders

Anorexia Nervosa

Bulimia Nervosa

Dieting and Weight Loss

Case Study 26: The Wrestler Who Wanted to Make Weight

Selected Clinical Terms

27 The Male Reproductive System

Assessment of the Male Reproductive System

Physical Examination

Laboratory Tests and Imaging Methods

Gynecomastia

Scrotal Disorders

Testicular Disorders

Cryptorchidism and Ectopic Testis

Testicular Torsion

Testicular Cancer

Prostatic Disorders

Prostatitis

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Prostate Cancer

Case Study 27: The Athlete Who Ignored His Symptoms

Selected Clinical Terms

28 The Female Reproductive System

Assessment of the Female Reproductive System

Physical Examination

Laboratory and Imaging Tests

Menstrual Alterations

Dysmenorrhea

Amenorrhea

Ovarian Cysts and Polycystic Ovary

Inflammation of the Female Reproductive System

Endometriosis

Cancers of the Female Reproductive System

Cervical Cancer

Endometrial Cancer

Ovarian Cancer

Case Study 28: The Woman with Abdominal Pain

Selected Clinical Terms

29 Human Development

Assessment During Pregnancy

Complications of Pregnancy

Drug Use During Pregnancy

Testing for Congenital Anormalies

Neonatal Assessment and Care

Precocious and Delayed Puberty

Aging, Death and Disease

Case Study 29: A Teen Pregnancy

Selected Clinical Terms