
ARGUMENT!
2nd EditionISBN10: 007338402X
ISBN13: 9780073384023
Copyright: 2013
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The estimated amount of time this product will be on the market is based on a number of factors, including faculty input to instructional design and the prior revision cycle and updates to academic research-which typically results in a revision cycle ranging from every two to four years for this product. Pricing subject to change at any time.
Program Details
Argument
PART ONE
[Understanding Arguments]
1 The Basics of Argument
2 Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
3 Writing Effective Arguments
4 More about Arguments: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacy
5 Refuting an Argument
6 Taking a Position
7 Writing a Casual Analysis
8 Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
9 Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
10 Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals and Statistics in Argument
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
11 Planning the Researched Argument
12 Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
13 Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
14 Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
PART FOUR
[An Anthology of Contemporary Arguments]
15 The Myth and Reality of the Image in American Consumer Culture
16 The Challenges of Living in a High-Tech, Multimedia World
17 Violent Media or Violent Society?
18 Arguing About Politics: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly
19 Students, Teachers, and Schools in the 21st Century
20 Freedom of Expression in the 21st Century
21 Enduring Controversies in a New Age: Abortion, Animal Rights, Capital Punishment, and Health Care
22 Marriage and Gender Roles: Changing Attitudes vs. Traditional Values
23 Arguing About Science: Policy, Politics, and Culture
24 Competing Perspectives on the American Economic and Financial Crisis
c h a p t e r 1
The Basics of Argument
What Does an Argument Look Like?
Recognizing Purpose in Everyday Arguments
Understanding Audience in Everyday Arguments
Why You Need to Learn to Read and
Write Arguments. Right Now.
PHYLLIS KORKKI
“Young Workers: U Nd 2 Improve Ur Writing Skills”
What You Can Expect from Your Writing Assignments
Why Read and Respond to the Work of Others?
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
[Understanding Arguments]
1 The Basics of Argument
2 Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
3 Writing Effective Arguments
4 More about Arguments: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacy
5 Refuting an Argument
6 Taking a Position
7 Writing a Casual Analysis
8 Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
9 Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
10 Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals and Statistics in Argument
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
11 Planning the Researched Argument
12 Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
13 Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
14 Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
PART FOUR
[An Anthology of Contemporary Arguments]
15 The Myth and Reality of the Image in American Consumer Culture
16 The Challenges of Living in a High-Tech, Multimedia World
17 Violent Media or Violent Society?
18 Arguing About Politics: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly
19 Students, Teachers, and Schools in the 21st Century
20 Freedom of Expression in the 21st Century
21 Enduring Controversies in a New Age: Abortion, Animal Rights, Capital Punishment, and Health Care
22 Marriage and Gender Roles: Changing Attitudes vs. Traditional Values
23 Arguing About Science: Policy, Politics, and Culture
24 Competing Perspectives on the American Economic and Financial Crisis
c h a p t e r 1
The Basics of Argument
What Does an Argument Look Like?
Recognizing Purpose in Everyday Arguments
Understanding Audience in Everyday Arguments
Why You Need to Learn to Read and
Write Arguments. Right Now.
PHYLLIS KORKKI
“Young Workers: U Nd 2 Improve Ur Writing Skills”
What You Can Expect from Your Writing Assignments
Why Read and Respond to the Work of Others?
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
3 Writing Effective Arguments
4 More about Arguments: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacy
5 Refuting an Argument
6 Taking a Position
7 Writing a Casual Analysis
8 Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
9 Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
10 Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals and Statistics in Argument
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
11 Planning the Researched Argument
12 Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
13 Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
14 Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
PART FOUR
[An Anthology of Contemporary Arguments]
15 The Myth and Reality of the Image in American Consumer Culture
16 The Challenges of Living in a High-Tech, Multimedia World
17 Violent Media or Violent Society?
18 Arguing About Politics: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly
19 Students, Teachers, and Schools in the 21st Century
20 Freedom of Expression in the 21st Century
21 Enduring Controversies in a New Age: Abortion, Animal Rights, Capital Punishment, and Health Care
22 Marriage and Gender Roles: Changing Attitudes vs. Traditional Values
23 Arguing About Science: Policy, Politics, and Culture
24 Competing Perspectives on the American Economic and Financial Crisis
c h a p t e r 1
The Basics of Argument
What Does an Argument Look Like?
Recognizing Purpose in Everyday Arguments
Understanding Audience in Everyday Arguments
Why You Need to Learn to Read and
Write Arguments. Right Now.
PHYLLIS KORKKI
“Young Workers: U Nd 2 Improve Ur Writing Skills”
What You Can Expect from Your Writing Assignments
Why Read and Respond to the Work of Others?
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
4 More about Arguments: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacy
5 Refuting an Argument
6 Taking a Position
7 Writing a Casual Analysis
8 Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
9 Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
10 Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals and Statistics in Argument
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
11 Planning the Researched Argument
12 Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
13 Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
14 Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
PART FOUR
[An Anthology of Contemporary Arguments]
15 The Myth and Reality of the Image in American Consumer Culture
16 The Challenges of Living in a High-Tech, Multimedia World
17 Violent Media or Violent Society?
18 Arguing About Politics: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly
19 Students, Teachers, and Schools in the 21st Century
20 Freedom of Expression in the 21st Century
21 Enduring Controversies in a New Age: Abortion, Animal Rights, Capital Punishment, and Health Care
22 Marriage and Gender Roles: Changing Attitudes vs. Traditional Values
23 Arguing About Science: Policy, Politics, and Culture
24 Competing Perspectives on the American Economic and Financial Crisis
c h a p t e r 1
The Basics of Argument
What Does an Argument Look Like?
Recognizing Purpose in Everyday Arguments
Understanding Audience in Everyday Arguments
Why You Need to Learn to Read and
Write Arguments. Right Now.
PHYLLIS KORKKI
“Young Workers: U Nd 2 Improve Ur Writing Skills”
What You Can Expect from Your Writing Assignments
Why Read and Respond to the Work of Others?
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
6 Taking a Position
7 Writing a Casual Analysis
8 Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
9 Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
10 Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals and Statistics in Argument
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
11 Planning the Researched Argument
12 Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
13 Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
14 Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
PART FOUR
[An Anthology of Contemporary Arguments]
15 The Myth and Reality of the Image in American Consumer Culture
16 The Challenges of Living in a High-Tech, Multimedia World
17 Violent Media or Violent Society?
18 Arguing About Politics: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly
19 Students, Teachers, and Schools in the 21st Century
20 Freedom of Expression in the 21st Century
21 Enduring Controversies in a New Age: Abortion, Animal Rights, Capital Punishment, and Health Care
22 Marriage and Gender Roles: Changing Attitudes vs. Traditional Values
23 Arguing About Science: Policy, Politics, and Culture
24 Competing Perspectives on the American Economic and Financial Crisis
c h a p t e r 1
The Basics of Argument
What Does an Argument Look Like?
Recognizing Purpose in Everyday Arguments
Understanding Audience in Everyday Arguments
Why You Need to Learn to Read and
Write Arguments. Right Now.
PHYLLIS KORKKI
“Young Workers: U Nd 2 Improve Ur Writing Skills”
What You Can Expect from Your Writing Assignments
Why Read and Respond to the Work of Others?
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
8 Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
9 Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
10 Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals and Statistics in Argument
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
11 Planning the Researched Argument
12 Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
13 Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
14 Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
PART FOUR
[An Anthology of Contemporary Arguments]
15 The Myth and Reality of the Image in American Consumer Culture
16 The Challenges of Living in a High-Tech, Multimedia World
17 Violent Media or Violent Society?
18 Arguing About Politics: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly
19 Students, Teachers, and Schools in the 21st Century
20 Freedom of Expression in the 21st Century
21 Enduring Controversies in a New Age: Abortion, Animal Rights, Capital Punishment, and Health Care
22 Marriage and Gender Roles: Changing Attitudes vs. Traditional Values
23 Arguing About Science: Policy, Politics, and Culture
24 Competing Perspectives on the American Economic and Financial Crisis
c h a p t e r 1
The Basics of Argument
What Does an Argument Look Like?
Recognizing Purpose in Everyday Arguments
Understanding Audience in Everyday Arguments
Why You Need to Learn to Read and
Write Arguments. Right Now.
PHYLLIS KORKKI
“Young Workers: U Nd 2 Improve Ur Writing Skills”
What You Can Expect from Your Writing Assignments
Why Read and Respond to the Work of Others?
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
10 Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals and Statistics in Argument
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
11 Planning the Researched Argument
12 Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
13 Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
14 Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
PART FOUR
[An Anthology of Contemporary Arguments]
15 The Myth and Reality of the Image in American Consumer Culture
16 The Challenges of Living in a High-Tech, Multimedia World
17 Violent Media or Violent Society?
18 Arguing About Politics: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly
19 Students, Teachers, and Schools in the 21st Century
20 Freedom of Expression in the 21st Century
21 Enduring Controversies in a New Age: Abortion, Animal Rights, Capital Punishment, and Health Care
22 Marriage and Gender Roles: Changing Attitudes vs. Traditional Values
23 Arguing About Science: Policy, Politics, and Culture
24 Competing Perspectives on the American Economic and Financial Crisis
c h a p t e r 1
The Basics of Argument
What Does an Argument Look Like?
Recognizing Purpose in Everyday Arguments
Understanding Audience in Everyday Arguments
Why You Need to Learn to Read and
Write Arguments. Right Now.
PHYLLIS KORKKI
“Young Workers: U Nd 2 Improve Ur Writing Skills”
What You Can Expect from Your Writing Assignments
Why Read and Respond to the Work of Others?
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
[Writing A Researched Argument]
11 Planning the Researched Argument
12 Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
13 Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
14 Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
PART FOUR
[An Anthology of Contemporary Arguments]
15 The Myth and Reality of the Image in American Consumer Culture
16 The Challenges of Living in a High-Tech, Multimedia World
17 Violent Media or Violent Society?
18 Arguing About Politics: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly
19 Students, Teachers, and Schools in the 21st Century
20 Freedom of Expression in the 21st Century
21 Enduring Controversies in a New Age: Abortion, Animal Rights, Capital Punishment, and Health Care
22 Marriage and Gender Roles: Changing Attitudes vs. Traditional Values
23 Arguing About Science: Policy, Politics, and Culture
24 Competing Perspectives on the American Economic and Financial Crisis
c h a p t e r 1
The Basics of Argument
What Does an Argument Look Like?
Recognizing Purpose in Everyday Arguments
Understanding Audience in Everyday Arguments
Why You Need to Learn to Read and
Write Arguments. Right Now.
PHYLLIS KORKKI
“Young Workers: U Nd 2 Improve Ur Writing Skills”
What You Can Expect from Your Writing Assignments
Why Read and Respond to the Work of Others?
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
13 Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
14 Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
PART FOUR
[An Anthology of Contemporary Arguments]
15 The Myth and Reality of the Image in American Consumer Culture
16 The Challenges of Living in a High-Tech, Multimedia World
17 Violent Media or Violent Society?
18 Arguing About Politics: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly
19 Students, Teachers, and Schools in the 21st Century
20 Freedom of Expression in the 21st Century
21 Enduring Controversies in a New Age: Abortion, Animal Rights, Capital Punishment, and Health Care
22 Marriage and Gender Roles: Changing Attitudes vs. Traditional Values
23 Arguing About Science: Policy, Politics, and Culture
24 Competing Perspectives on the American Economic and Financial Crisis
c h a p t e r 1
The Basics of Argument
What Does an Argument Look Like?
Recognizing Purpose in Everyday Arguments
Understanding Audience in Everyday Arguments
Why You Need to Learn to Read and
Write Arguments. Right Now.
PHYLLIS KORKKI
“Young Workers: U Nd 2 Improve Ur Writing Skills”
What You Can Expect from Your Writing Assignments
Why Read and Respond to the Work of Others?
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
PART FOUR
[An Anthology of Contemporary Arguments]
15 The Myth and Reality of the Image in American Consumer Culture
16 The Challenges of Living in a High-Tech, Multimedia World
17 Violent Media or Violent Society?
18 Arguing About Politics: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly
19 Students, Teachers, and Schools in the 21st Century
20 Freedom of Expression in the 21st Century
21 Enduring Controversies in a New Age: Abortion, Animal Rights, Capital Punishment, and Health Care
22 Marriage and Gender Roles: Changing Attitudes vs. Traditional Values
23 Arguing About Science: Policy, Politics, and Culture
24 Competing Perspectives on the American Economic and Financial Crisis
c h a p t e r 1
The Basics of Argument
What Does an Argument Look Like?
Recognizing Purpose in Everyday Arguments
Understanding Audience in Everyday Arguments
Why You Need to Learn to Read and
Write Arguments. Right Now.
PHYLLIS KORKKI
“Young Workers: U Nd 2 Improve Ur Writing Skills”
What You Can Expect from Your Writing Assignments
Why Read and Respond to the Work of Others?
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
16 The Challenges of Living in a High-Tech, Multimedia World
17 Violent Media or Violent Society?
18 Arguing About Politics: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly
19 Students, Teachers, and Schools in the 21st Century
20 Freedom of Expression in the 21st Century
21 Enduring Controversies in a New Age: Abortion, Animal Rights, Capital Punishment, and Health Care
22 Marriage and Gender Roles: Changing Attitudes vs. Traditional Values
23 Arguing About Science: Policy, Politics, and Culture
24 Competing Perspectives on the American Economic and Financial Crisis
c h a p t e r 1
The Basics of Argument
What Does an Argument Look Like?
Recognizing Purpose in Everyday Arguments
Understanding Audience in Everyday Arguments
Why You Need to Learn to Read and
Write Arguments. Right Now.
PHYLLIS KORKKI
“Young Workers: U Nd 2 Improve Ur Writing Skills”
What You Can Expect from Your Writing Assignments
Why Read and Respond to the Work of Others?
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
18 Arguing About Politics: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly
19 Students, Teachers, and Schools in the 21st Century
20 Freedom of Expression in the 21st Century
21 Enduring Controversies in a New Age: Abortion, Animal Rights, Capital Punishment, and Health Care
22 Marriage and Gender Roles: Changing Attitudes vs. Traditional Values
23 Arguing About Science: Policy, Politics, and Culture
24 Competing Perspectives on the American Economic and Financial Crisis
c h a p t e r 1
The Basics of Argument
What Does an Argument Look Like?
Recognizing Purpose in Everyday Arguments
Understanding Audience in Everyday Arguments
Why You Need to Learn to Read and
Write Arguments. Right Now.
PHYLLIS KORKKI
“Young Workers: U Nd 2 Improve Ur Writing Skills”
What You Can Expect from Your Writing Assignments
Why Read and Respond to the Work of Others?
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
20 Freedom of Expression in the 21st Century
21 Enduring Controversies in a New Age: Abortion, Animal Rights, Capital Punishment, and Health Care
22 Marriage and Gender Roles: Changing Attitudes vs. Traditional Values
23 Arguing About Science: Policy, Politics, and Culture
24 Competing Perspectives on the American Economic and Financial Crisis
c h a p t e r 1
The Basics of Argument
What Does an Argument Look Like?
Recognizing Purpose in Everyday Arguments
Understanding Audience in Everyday Arguments
Why You Need to Learn to Read and
Write Arguments. Right Now.
PHYLLIS KORKKI
“Young Workers: U Nd 2 Improve Ur Writing Skills”
What You Can Expect from Your Writing Assignments
Why Read and Respond to the Work of Others?
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
22 Marriage and Gender Roles: Changing Attitudes vs. Traditional Values
23 Arguing About Science: Policy, Politics, and Culture
24 Competing Perspectives on the American Economic and Financial Crisis
c h a p t e r 1
The Basics of Argument
What Does an Argument Look Like?
Recognizing Purpose in Everyday Arguments
Understanding Audience in Everyday Arguments
Why You Need to Learn to Read and
Write Arguments. Right Now.
PHYLLIS KORKKI
“Young Workers: U Nd 2 Improve Ur Writing Skills”
What You Can Expect from Your Writing Assignments
Why Read and Respond to the Work of Others?
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
24 Competing Perspectives on the American Economic and Financial Crisis
c h a p t e r 1
The Basics of Argument
What Does an Argument Look Like?
Recognizing Purpose in Everyday Arguments
Understanding Audience in Everyday Arguments
Why You Need to Learn to Read and
Write Arguments. Right Now.
PHYLLIS KORKKI
“Young Workers: U Nd 2 Improve Ur Writing Skills”
What You Can Expect from Your Writing Assignments
Why Read and Respond to the Work of Others?
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
The Basics of Argument
What Does an Argument Look Like?
Recognizing Purpose in Everyday Arguments
Understanding Audience in Everyday Arguments
Why You Need to Learn to Read and
Write Arguments. Right Now.
PHYLLIS KORKKI
“Young Workers: U Nd 2 Improve Ur Writing Skills”
What You Can Expect from Your Writing Assignments
Why Read and Respond to the Work of Others?
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Recognizing Purpose in Everyday Arguments
Understanding Audience in Everyday Arguments
Why You Need to Learn to Read and
Write Arguments. Right Now.
PHYLLIS KORKKI
“Young Workers: U Nd 2 Improve Ur Writing Skills”
What You Can Expect from Your Writing Assignments
Why Read and Respond to the Work of Others?
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Why You Need to Learn to Read and
Write Arguments. Right Now.
PHYLLIS KORKKI
“Young Workers: U Nd 2 Improve Ur Writing Skills”
What You Can Expect from Your Writing Assignments
Why Read and Respond to the Work of Others?
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
PHYLLIS KORKKI “Young Workers: U Nd 2 Improve Ur Writing Skills”
What You Can Expect from Your Writing Assignments
Why Read and Respond to the Work of Others?
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
LES SCHOBERT “Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
BERTRAND RUSSELL From “A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
ELLEN GOODMAN “Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON “Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
DEBORAH TANNEN “We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
BOB HERBERT “Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING “You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Editorial: “Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
EUGENE ROBINSON “A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Editorial: “Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Footnote/Endnote Form: First (Primary) Reference
[Writing A Researched Argument]