John Gooch and Dorothy Seyler
ARGUMENT!
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ARGUMENT!
2nd Edition
By John Gooch and Dorothy Seyler
ISBN10: 007338402X
ISBN13: 9780073384023
Copyright: 2013
ISBN10: 007338402X
ISBN13: 9780073384023
Copyright: 2013
Product Details +
ARGUMENT! teaches students how to read with a critical eye, how to think about and respond to the ideas of others, and ultimately how to craft their own effective, relevant, and engaging arguments. With ARGUMENT! students will learn how to acknowledge and respond to the complex arguments that exist all around them in addition to entering debates with their own strong and thoughtful voice.
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ISBN10: 007338402X | ISBN13: 9780073384023
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The estimated amount of time this product will be on the market is based on a number of factors, including faculty input to instructional design and the prior revision cycle and updates to academic research-which typically results in a revision cycle ranging from every two to four years for this product. Pricing subject to change at any time.
The estimated amount of time this product will be on the market is based on a number of factors, including faculty input to instructional design and the prior revision cycle and updates to academic research-which typically results in a revision cycle ranging from every two to four years for this product. Pricing subject to change at any time.
Program Details
Argument
PART ONE
[Understanding Arguments]
1 The Basics of Argument
2 Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
3 Writing Effective Arguments
4 More about Arguments: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacy
5 Refuting an Argument
6 Taking a Position
7 Writing a Casual Analysis
8 Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
9 Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
10 Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals and Statistics in Argument
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
11 Planning the Researched Argument
12 Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
13 Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
14 Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
PART FOUR
[An Anthology of Contemporary Arguments]
15 The Myth and Reality of the Image in American Consumer Culture
16 The Challenges of Living in a High-Tech, Multimedia World
17 Violent Media or Violent Society?
18 Arguing About Politics: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly
19 Students, Teachers, and Schools in the 21st Century
20 Freedom of Expression in the 21st Century
21 Enduring Controversies in a New Age: Abortion, Animal Rights, Capital Punishment, and Health Care
22 Marriage and Gender Roles: Changing Attitudes vs. Traditional Values
23 Arguing About Science: Policy, Politics, and Culture
24 Competing Perspectives on the American Economic and Financial Crisis
c h a p t e r 1
The Basics of Argument
What Does an Argument Look Like?
Recognizing Purpose in Everyday Arguments
Understanding Audience in Everyday Arguments
Why You Need to Learn to Read and
Write Arguments. Right Now.
PHYLLIS KORKKI
“Young Workers: U Nd 2 Improve Ur Writing Skills”
What You Can Expect from Your Writing Assignments
Why Read and Respond to the Work of Others?
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
[Understanding Arguments]
1 The Basics of Argument
2 Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
3 Writing Effective Arguments
4 More about Arguments: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacy
5 Refuting an Argument
6 Taking a Position
7 Writing a Casual Analysis
8 Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
9 Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
10 Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals and Statistics in Argument
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
11 Planning the Researched Argument
12 Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
13 Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
14 Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
PART FOUR
[An Anthology of Contemporary Arguments]
15 The Myth and Reality of the Image in American Consumer Culture
16 The Challenges of Living in a High-Tech, Multimedia World
17 Violent Media or Violent Society?
18 Arguing About Politics: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly
19 Students, Teachers, and Schools in the 21st Century
20 Freedom of Expression in the 21st Century
21 Enduring Controversies in a New Age: Abortion, Animal Rights, Capital Punishment, and Health Care
22 Marriage and Gender Roles: Changing Attitudes vs. Traditional Values
23 Arguing About Science: Policy, Politics, and Culture
24 Competing Perspectives on the American Economic and Financial Crisis
c h a p t e r 1
The Basics of Argument
What Does an Argument Look Like?
Recognizing Purpose in Everyday Arguments
Understanding Audience in Everyday Arguments
Why You Need to Learn to Read and
Write Arguments. Right Now.
PHYLLIS KORKKI
“Young Workers: U Nd 2 Improve Ur Writing Skills”
What You Can Expect from Your Writing Assignments
Why Read and Respond to the Work of Others?
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
3 Writing Effective Arguments
4 More about Arguments: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacy
5 Refuting an Argument
6 Taking a Position
7 Writing a Casual Analysis
8 Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
9 Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
10 Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals and Statistics in Argument
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
11 Planning the Researched Argument
12 Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
13 Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
14 Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
PART FOUR
[An Anthology of Contemporary Arguments]
15 The Myth and Reality of the Image in American Consumer Culture
16 The Challenges of Living in a High-Tech, Multimedia World
17 Violent Media or Violent Society?
18 Arguing About Politics: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly
19 Students, Teachers, and Schools in the 21st Century
20 Freedom of Expression in the 21st Century
21 Enduring Controversies in a New Age: Abortion, Animal Rights, Capital Punishment, and Health Care
22 Marriage and Gender Roles: Changing Attitudes vs. Traditional Values
23 Arguing About Science: Policy, Politics, and Culture
24 Competing Perspectives on the American Economic and Financial Crisis
c h a p t e r 1
The Basics of Argument
What Does an Argument Look Like?
Recognizing Purpose in Everyday Arguments
Understanding Audience in Everyday Arguments
Why You Need to Learn to Read and
Write Arguments. Right Now.
PHYLLIS KORKKI
“Young Workers: U Nd 2 Improve Ur Writing Skills”
What You Can Expect from Your Writing Assignments
Why Read and Respond to the Work of Others?
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
4 More about Arguments: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacy
5 Refuting an Argument
6 Taking a Position
7 Writing a Casual Analysis
8 Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
9 Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
10 Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals and Statistics in Argument
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
11 Planning the Researched Argument
12 Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
13 Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
14 Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
PART FOUR
[An Anthology of Contemporary Arguments]
15 The Myth and Reality of the Image in American Consumer Culture
16 The Challenges of Living in a High-Tech, Multimedia World
17 Violent Media or Violent Society?
18 Arguing About Politics: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly
19 Students, Teachers, and Schools in the 21st Century
20 Freedom of Expression in the 21st Century
21 Enduring Controversies in a New Age: Abortion, Animal Rights, Capital Punishment, and Health Care
22 Marriage and Gender Roles: Changing Attitudes vs. Traditional Values
23 Arguing About Science: Policy, Politics, and Culture
24 Competing Perspectives on the American Economic and Financial Crisis
c h a p t e r 1
The Basics of Argument
What Does an Argument Look Like?
Recognizing Purpose in Everyday Arguments
Understanding Audience in Everyday Arguments
Why You Need to Learn to Read and
Write Arguments. Right Now.
PHYLLIS KORKKI
“Young Workers: U Nd 2 Improve Ur Writing Skills”
What You Can Expect from Your Writing Assignments
Why Read and Respond to the Work of Others?
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
6 Taking a Position
7 Writing a Casual Analysis
8 Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
9 Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
10 Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals and Statistics in Argument
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
11 Planning the Researched Argument
12 Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
13 Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
14 Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
PART FOUR
[An Anthology of Contemporary Arguments]
15 The Myth and Reality of the Image in American Consumer Culture
16 The Challenges of Living in a High-Tech, Multimedia World
17 Violent Media or Violent Society?
18 Arguing About Politics: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly
19 Students, Teachers, and Schools in the 21st Century
20 Freedom of Expression in the 21st Century
21 Enduring Controversies in a New Age: Abortion, Animal Rights, Capital Punishment, and Health Care
22 Marriage and Gender Roles: Changing Attitudes vs. Traditional Values
23 Arguing About Science: Policy, Politics, and Culture
24 Competing Perspectives on the American Economic and Financial Crisis
c h a p t e r 1
The Basics of Argument
What Does an Argument Look Like?
Recognizing Purpose in Everyday Arguments
Understanding Audience in Everyday Arguments
Why You Need to Learn to Read and
Write Arguments. Right Now.
PHYLLIS KORKKI
“Young Workers: U Nd 2 Improve Ur Writing Skills”
What You Can Expect from Your Writing Assignments
Why Read and Respond to the Work of Others?
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
8 Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
9 Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
10 Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals and Statistics in Argument
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
11 Planning the Researched Argument
12 Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
13 Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
14 Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
PART FOUR
[An Anthology of Contemporary Arguments]
15 The Myth and Reality of the Image in American Consumer Culture
16 The Challenges of Living in a High-Tech, Multimedia World
17 Violent Media or Violent Society?
18 Arguing About Politics: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly
19 Students, Teachers, and Schools in the 21st Century
20 Freedom of Expression in the 21st Century
21 Enduring Controversies in a New Age: Abortion, Animal Rights, Capital Punishment, and Health Care
22 Marriage and Gender Roles: Changing Attitudes vs. Traditional Values
23 Arguing About Science: Policy, Politics, and Culture
24 Competing Perspectives on the American Economic and Financial Crisis
c h a p t e r 1
The Basics of Argument
What Does an Argument Look Like?
Recognizing Purpose in Everyday Arguments
Understanding Audience in Everyday Arguments
Why You Need to Learn to Read and
Write Arguments. Right Now.
PHYLLIS KORKKI
“Young Workers: U Nd 2 Improve Ur Writing Skills”
What You Can Expect from Your Writing Assignments
Why Read and Respond to the Work of Others?
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
10 Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals and Statistics in Argument
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
11 Planning the Researched Argument
12 Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
13 Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
14 Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
PART FOUR
[An Anthology of Contemporary Arguments]
15 The Myth and Reality of the Image in American Consumer Culture
16 The Challenges of Living in a High-Tech, Multimedia World
17 Violent Media or Violent Society?
18 Arguing About Politics: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly
19 Students, Teachers, and Schools in the 21st Century
20 Freedom of Expression in the 21st Century
21 Enduring Controversies in a New Age: Abortion, Animal Rights, Capital Punishment, and Health Care
22 Marriage and Gender Roles: Changing Attitudes vs. Traditional Values
23 Arguing About Science: Policy, Politics, and Culture
24 Competing Perspectives on the American Economic and Financial Crisis
c h a p t e r 1
The Basics of Argument
What Does an Argument Look Like?
Recognizing Purpose in Everyday Arguments
Understanding Audience in Everyday Arguments
Why You Need to Learn to Read and
Write Arguments. Right Now.
PHYLLIS KORKKI
“Young Workers: U Nd 2 Improve Ur Writing Skills”
What You Can Expect from Your Writing Assignments
Why Read and Respond to the Work of Others?
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
[Writing A Researched Argument]
11 Planning the Researched Argument
12 Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
13 Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
14 Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
PART FOUR
[An Anthology of Contemporary Arguments]
15 The Myth and Reality of the Image in American Consumer Culture
16 The Challenges of Living in a High-Tech, Multimedia World
17 Violent Media or Violent Society?
18 Arguing About Politics: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly
19 Students, Teachers, and Schools in the 21st Century
20 Freedom of Expression in the 21st Century
21 Enduring Controversies in a New Age: Abortion, Animal Rights, Capital Punishment, and Health Care
22 Marriage and Gender Roles: Changing Attitudes vs. Traditional Values
23 Arguing About Science: Policy, Politics, and Culture
24 Competing Perspectives on the American Economic and Financial Crisis
c h a p t e r 1
The Basics of Argument
What Does an Argument Look Like?
Recognizing Purpose in Everyday Arguments
Understanding Audience in Everyday Arguments
Why You Need to Learn to Read and
Write Arguments. Right Now.
PHYLLIS KORKKI
“Young Workers: U Nd 2 Improve Ur Writing Skills”
What You Can Expect from Your Writing Assignments
Why Read and Respond to the Work of Others?
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
13 Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
14 Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
PART FOUR
[An Anthology of Contemporary Arguments]
15 The Myth and Reality of the Image in American Consumer Culture
16 The Challenges of Living in a High-Tech, Multimedia World
17 Violent Media or Violent Society?
18 Arguing About Politics: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly
19 Students, Teachers, and Schools in the 21st Century
20 Freedom of Expression in the 21st Century
21 Enduring Controversies in a New Age: Abortion, Animal Rights, Capital Punishment, and Health Care
22 Marriage and Gender Roles: Changing Attitudes vs. Traditional Values
23 Arguing About Science: Policy, Politics, and Culture
24 Competing Perspectives on the American Economic and Financial Crisis
c h a p t e r 1
The Basics of Argument
What Does an Argument Look Like?
Recognizing Purpose in Everyday Arguments
Understanding Audience in Everyday Arguments
Why You Need to Learn to Read and
Write Arguments. Right Now.
PHYLLIS KORKKI
“Young Workers: U Nd 2 Improve Ur Writing Skills”
What You Can Expect from Your Writing Assignments
Why Read and Respond to the Work of Others?
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
PART FOUR
[An Anthology of Contemporary Arguments]
15 The Myth and Reality of the Image in American Consumer Culture
16 The Challenges of Living in a High-Tech, Multimedia World
17 Violent Media or Violent Society?
18 Arguing About Politics: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly
19 Students, Teachers, and Schools in the 21st Century
20 Freedom of Expression in the 21st Century
21 Enduring Controversies in a New Age: Abortion, Animal Rights, Capital Punishment, and Health Care
22 Marriage and Gender Roles: Changing Attitudes vs. Traditional Values
23 Arguing About Science: Policy, Politics, and Culture
24 Competing Perspectives on the American Economic and Financial Crisis
c h a p t e r 1
The Basics of Argument
What Does an Argument Look Like?
Recognizing Purpose in Everyday Arguments
Understanding Audience in Everyday Arguments
Why You Need to Learn to Read and
Write Arguments. Right Now.
PHYLLIS KORKKI
“Young Workers: U Nd 2 Improve Ur Writing Skills”
What You Can Expect from Your Writing Assignments
Why Read and Respond to the Work of Others?
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
16 The Challenges of Living in a High-Tech, Multimedia World
17 Violent Media or Violent Society?
18 Arguing About Politics: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly
19 Students, Teachers, and Schools in the 21st Century
20 Freedom of Expression in the 21st Century
21 Enduring Controversies in a New Age: Abortion, Animal Rights, Capital Punishment, and Health Care
22 Marriage and Gender Roles: Changing Attitudes vs. Traditional Values
23 Arguing About Science: Policy, Politics, and Culture
24 Competing Perspectives on the American Economic and Financial Crisis
c h a p t e r 1
The Basics of Argument
What Does an Argument Look Like?
Recognizing Purpose in Everyday Arguments
Understanding Audience in Everyday Arguments
Why You Need to Learn to Read and
Write Arguments. Right Now.
PHYLLIS KORKKI
“Young Workers: U Nd 2 Improve Ur Writing Skills”
What You Can Expect from Your Writing Assignments
Why Read and Respond to the Work of Others?
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
18 Arguing About Politics: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly
19 Students, Teachers, and Schools in the 21st Century
20 Freedom of Expression in the 21st Century
21 Enduring Controversies in a New Age: Abortion, Animal Rights, Capital Punishment, and Health Care
22 Marriage and Gender Roles: Changing Attitudes vs. Traditional Values
23 Arguing About Science: Policy, Politics, and Culture
24 Competing Perspectives on the American Economic and Financial Crisis
c h a p t e r 1
The Basics of Argument
What Does an Argument Look Like?
Recognizing Purpose in Everyday Arguments
Understanding Audience in Everyday Arguments
Why You Need to Learn to Read and
Write Arguments. Right Now.
PHYLLIS KORKKI
“Young Workers: U Nd 2 Improve Ur Writing Skills”
What You Can Expect from Your Writing Assignments
Why Read and Respond to the Work of Others?
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
20 Freedom of Expression in the 21st Century
21 Enduring Controversies in a New Age: Abortion, Animal Rights, Capital Punishment, and Health Care
22 Marriage and Gender Roles: Changing Attitudes vs. Traditional Values
23 Arguing About Science: Policy, Politics, and Culture
24 Competing Perspectives on the American Economic and Financial Crisis
c h a p t e r 1
The Basics of Argument
What Does an Argument Look Like?
Recognizing Purpose in Everyday Arguments
Understanding Audience in Everyday Arguments
Why You Need to Learn to Read and
Write Arguments. Right Now.
PHYLLIS KORKKI
“Young Workers: U Nd 2 Improve Ur Writing Skills”
What You Can Expect from Your Writing Assignments
Why Read and Respond to the Work of Others?
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
22 Marriage and Gender Roles: Changing Attitudes vs. Traditional Values
23 Arguing About Science: Policy, Politics, and Culture
24 Competing Perspectives on the American Economic and Financial Crisis
c h a p t e r 1
The Basics of Argument
What Does an Argument Look Like?
Recognizing Purpose in Everyday Arguments
Understanding Audience in Everyday Arguments
Why You Need to Learn to Read and
Write Arguments. Right Now.
PHYLLIS KORKKI
“Young Workers: U Nd 2 Improve Ur Writing Skills”
What You Can Expect from Your Writing Assignments
Why Read and Respond to the Work of Others?
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
24 Competing Perspectives on the American Economic and Financial Crisis
c h a p t e r 1
The Basics of Argument
What Does an Argument Look Like?
Recognizing Purpose in Everyday Arguments
Understanding Audience in Everyday Arguments
Why You Need to Learn to Read and
Write Arguments. Right Now.
PHYLLIS KORKKI
“Young Workers: U Nd 2 Improve Ur Writing Skills”
What You Can Expect from Your Writing Assignments
Why Read and Respond to the Work of Others?
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
The Basics of Argument
What Does an Argument Look Like?
Recognizing Purpose in Everyday Arguments
Understanding Audience in Everyday Arguments
Why You Need to Learn to Read and
Write Arguments. Right Now.
PHYLLIS KORKKI
“Young Workers: U Nd 2 Improve Ur Writing Skills”
What You Can Expect from Your Writing Assignments
Why Read and Respond to the Work of Others?
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Recognizing Purpose in Everyday Arguments
Understanding Audience in Everyday Arguments
Why You Need to Learn to Read and
Write Arguments. Right Now.
PHYLLIS KORKKI
“Young Workers: U Nd 2 Improve Ur Writing Skills”
What You Can Expect from Your Writing Assignments
Why Read and Respond to the Work of Others?
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Why You Need to Learn to Read and
Write Arguments. Right Now.
PHYLLIS KORKKI
“Young Workers: U Nd 2 Improve Ur Writing Skills”
What You Can Expect from Your Writing Assignments
Why Read and Respond to the Work of Others?
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
PHYLLIS KORKKI “Young Workers: U Nd 2 Improve Ur Writing Skills”
What You Can Expect from Your Writing Assignments
Why Read and Respond to the Work of Others?
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Critical Reading and the Contexts of Argument
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Understanding the Arguments of Others
LEHIGHVALLEYLIVE.COM
“Find the Right Punishment for Teen-Age ‘Sexting’”
Characteristics of Argument
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Argument is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
The Aristotelian Model
The Toulmin Model
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
The Language of Claims and Support
Types of Claims
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Support for Claims
RICHARD MORIN
“Paradise Lost”
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
LES SCHOBERT
“Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
LES SCHOBERT “Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
c h a p t e r 2
Responding Critically to the Arguments of Others
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Responding to Arguments
Responding to Content: What Does It Say?
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Writing Summaries
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
“The Gettysburg Address”
Writing Paraphrases
BERTRAND RUSSELL From
“A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
BERTRAND RUSSELL From “A Free Man’s Worship”
The Analytic Response: How Is It Written?
Understanding Purpose and Audience in a Style Analysis
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Planning a Style Analysis
Drafting a Style Analysis
ELLEN GOODMAN
“Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
ELLEN GOODMAN “Choosing Our Families”
Student Essay: “Goodman’s Feast of Style”
The Evaluation Response: Does It Achieve Its Purpose?
Combining Summary, Analysis, and Evaluation: The Critique or Review
Knowing Your Audience
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Understanding Your Purpose
Establishing a General Plan
Drafting the Critique or Review
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
The Research Response: How Does It Help Me Understand Other Works, Ideas, and Events?
MEDICAL NEWS TODAY
“Grim Warning for America’s Fast Food Consumers Offered by ‘Supersize Me’ Mice Research”
HANY RASHWAN
“Communication Key to Egypt’s Uprising”
PART TWO
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
[Writing Arguments]
c h a p t e r 3
Writing Effective Arguments
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON
“Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
HILARY RODHAM CLINTON “Remarks on Internet Freedom”
Understand Your Writing Purpose
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Already Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Drafting a Claim or Thesis
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Considering the Rogerian or Conciliatory Argument
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Planning Your Approach
Organizing and Drafting Your Argument
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
Revising Your Draft
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Editing
Word Choice and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision/Editing/Proofreading
DEBORAH TANNEN
“We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
DEBORAH TANNEN “We Need Higher Quality Outrage”
c h a p t e r 4
More About Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Induction
Deduction
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Analogy
Arguments That Do Not Work: Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
LIVESCIENCE STAFF
“Why Teens Are Lousy at Chores” The Aristotelian Model
Fallacies That Result from Ignoring the Issue
GREGORY KANE
“To Murder Victims’ Families, Executing Killers is Justice”
DAVE BARRY
“How to Argue Effectively”
Letter: Better Things to Worry about Than Smoking
c h a p t e r 5
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Refuting an Argument
What Is a Refutation Essay?
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Guidelines for Writing a Refutation Essay
DAVID SADKER
“Gender Games”
MIKE ALLEYWAY
“A refutation piece defending punk culture”
Using Research in Refutation Arguments
BOB HERBERT
“Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING
“You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
BOB HERBERT “Flailing after Muslims”
COLBERT I. KING “You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism”
c h a p t e r 6
Taking a Position
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Characteristics of a Position Argument
Writing a Position Essay
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Planning and Organizing the Position Essay
Counterarguments and Finding Common Ground
Editorial:
“Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Editorial: “Ultimately We Control Our Own Privacy Levels on Facebook”
Drafting the Position Essay
BRANDON KEIM
“Brain-Enhancing Drugs: Legalize ’Em, Scientists Say”
c h a p t e r 7
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Writing a Casual Analysis
What Is a Causal Essay?
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Recognizing Relationships in Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Planning and Drafting a Causal Argument
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Planning the Causal Argument
Using Visuals in the Causal Essay
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Drafting the Causal Argument
Counterarguments in Causal Essays
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
A Checklist for Revision
GREGG EASTERBROOK
“TV Really Might Cause Autism”
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
EUGENE ROBINSON
“A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
EUGENE ROBINSON “A Specious ‘Experiment’”
c h a p t e r 8
Writing the Problem/Solution Essay
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Planning and Writing a Problem/Solution Argument
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Drafting
A Checklist for Revision
Editorial:
“Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Editorial: “Reviewing Criminal Justice”
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
PETER MOSKOS AND “NEILL” FRANKLIN
“It’s Time to Legalize Drugs”
c h a p t e r 9
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
What is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Examining the Context of an Argument
Who is the Author?
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Who is the Audience?
What is the Author’s Purpose?
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
What Are the Writer’s Sources of Information?
Understanding an Author’s Attitude and Tone
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Recognizing Tone
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Analyzing an Author’s Tone
Analyzing for Tone: Word Choice
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Analyzing for Tone: Sentence Structure
Analyzing for Tone: Metaphors
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Analyzing for Tone: Organization and Examples
Analyzing for Tone: Repetition
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Analyzing for Tone: Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Analyzing for Tone: Visuals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Logos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Ethos
Analyzing for Persuasive Appeals: Pathos
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
Some Final Thoughts on Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
PART THREE
[Writing A Researched Argument]
c h a p t e r 10
Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Techniques for Interpreting Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Sample Student Essay with Graphics
JOE NAVARRO
“Every Body’s Talking”
c h a p t e r 11
Planning the Researched Argument
Finding a Workable and Manageable Topic
Who is My Audience?
What Are the Assignment’s Time and Length Constraints?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Locating Effective Print and Online Sources
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Knowing Your Library
Locating Books
Using the Reference Collection
Basic Reference Tools
Using Indexes to Periodicals: In Print and Online
Using Indexes to Academic Journals: In Print and Online
Searching the Internet
Conducting Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Lectures
Films, Tapes, Television, Online Multimedia Sources
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
c h a p t e r 12
Evaluating and Utilizing Sources
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Maintaining Credibility
Documenting Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Taking Notes on Sources
Using “Tags” or “Signal Phrases” to Avoid Misleading Documentation
c h a p t e r 13
Drafting and Revising the Researched Argument
Organizing the Paper
The Format Outline
Drafting the Paper
Plan Your Time
Handle Documentation As You Draft
Choose and Maintain an Appropriate Writing Style
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Provide Unity and Coherence
Guide Readers through Source Material
Synthesize Source Material and Your Own Ideas
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Write Effective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
The Completed Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Revising
Editing
Proofreading
c h a p t e r 14
Documenting Sources (MLA, APA, and More)
MLA Style
MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation
Nonprint or Internet Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style
APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Sample Student Essay in APA Style
Footnote or Endnote Style
In-Text Citations
[Writing A Researched Argument]